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Computer science A level > big data, functions, and more paper 2 stuff > Flashcards

big data, functions, and more paper 2 stuff Flashcards

1
Q

a database is stored at an office. staff use a client server database system. describe an example of a problem that could occur if no systems were in place to manage concurrent access to the database

A
  • two users edit the same data simultaneously
  • one user writes the data then the other user writes the data
  • only one users update is lost
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2
Q
  • the performance of a system is unsatisfactory. the time delay between a client sending a query to the server and the client receiving the results is long
  • explain how the performance of the system might be improved, include the following factors:
  • the hardware of the server
  • the design of the computer network
  • the database and software running on the server
A
  1. Server hardware
    - replace the processor with one that had more cores
    - replace processor with one that has more cache memory
    - use a processor with a bigger word size
    - faster clock speed
    - replace HDD’s with SSDs
    - use the harvard architecture
  2. Network
    - replace the network cable with a cable that has higher bandwidth
    - use a star topology instead of bus
    - consider using a more efficient protocol for the data across the network
    - add additional wireless access points
  3. Database and Software
    - use a more efficient technique for controlling concurrent access to the database
    - ensure the software is compiled rather than executed by an interpreter
    - use a non relational database
    - distribute the data across multiple servers
    - archive data tat is no longer necessary
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3
Q

explain some of the challenges that face legislators in the digital age

A
  • information can be combined/transferred in ways that were not previously possible
  • technology evolves quickly so it’s difficult for the law to keep up with changes
  • different laws in different countries
  • some crimes may be committed by states rather than individuals
  • methods such as encryption makes it harder to monitor criminal activity
  • individuals may have access to large amounts of sensitive information that may be of public interest
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4
Q

what is a programming paradigm

A

a style of computer programming

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5
Q

what is procedural programming

A
  • supported by languages like Python/Pascal
  • have a series of instructions that tell the computer what to do with the input in order to solve the problem
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6
Q

what is structured programming

A

a type of procedural programming which uses the programming constructs of sequence , selection, iteration and recursion
- uses modular techniques to split large programs into manageable chunks

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7
Q

what is oop

A
  • supported by languages like Java, Python, Delphi
  • type of programming that organises software design around data or objects
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8
Q

what is declarative programming

A
  • used by sql
  • you write statements that describe the problem to be solved
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9
Q

what is functional programming

A
  • supported by Haskell, Python, Java, C++ and more
  • statements are written as a series of functions which accept data as arguments and return an output
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10
Q

what is a function

A
  • a mapping from a set of inputs
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11
Q

what is the domain

A

the set of input values

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12
Q

what is the codomain

A

set of output values

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13
Q

the domain or codomain have to be…

A

part of a data type

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14
Q

isEqual :: int -> int -> bool

A

int = input time
isequal = function name
bool = what gets returned

isEqual :: x y = x == y
return True if x = y

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15
Q

what is a first class object

A

an object which may:
- appear in expressions
- be assigned to a variable
- be assigned as an argument
- be returned in a function call

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16
Q

differences between functional
and procedural

A
  • in functional, the value of a variable cannot change. program is said to be stateless
  • the only thing a function can do is calculate something and return a result, no side effects
17
Q

what is functional composition

A

when we combine two functions to get a new function

18
Q

partial function application

A
  • process + one of the variables
    eg (add 6) 4
19
Q

what are high order functions

A
  • any function that takes a function as an argument or returns a function as a result or does both
20
Q

what is map

A
  • a higher order function that takes a list and the function to be applied to the elements in the list
  • makes a list by applying the function to each element in old list

eg map (max 3) [1,2,3,4,5] = [3,3,3,4,5]

21
Q

what is filter

A
  • another high order function which takes a predicate(to define a Booleon condition) and a list
  • it returns the elements within a list that satisfies the Bool condition
    eg
    filter (==5) [2,5,7,2,5] = [5,5]
22
Q

what is the fold function

A
  • refuse a list to a single value using recursion, by applying an operator

eg to add all the elements in a list, function will be foldl (+) 0[2,3,4,5]

23
Q

foldl foldr

A

foldl = fold left
eg, foldl (/) 100[2,5] = (100/2) / 5 = 5

foldr = fold right
eg foldr (/) 100[2,5] = 2/(5/100) = 40

24
Q

heads and tails of a list

A
  • heads is the first item in the list
  • tails is the rest of the list
    eg [1,2,3,4]
  • 1 is the head
  • [2,3,4] is the tail
25
Q

why is fold high order function

A
  • the operations are functions
26
Q

what is big data

A

data that is collected on such a large scale that it cannot easily be analysed

27
Q

characteristics of big data

A
  • velocity , the data is generated at high velocity
  • high VOLUME of data to process, cannot all be stored on one server
  • variety , big data comes in many forms, structured, unstructured, text, video, image
28
Q

features of functional programming that make it easier to write

A
  • statelessness, the programs behaviour doesnt depend on the order in which the functions are called
  • immutable data structures, which cannot be invertedly altered in a function
  • higheer order functions such as map/fold allow functions to be input as arguments
29
Q

map and fold/reduce are efficiently parallelised, what does this mean

A

many processors can work simultaneously on parts of a dataset without affecting other parts

30
Q

what do the circles represent in big data

A

entities

31
Q

what do the squares represent in big data

A

fields associated with entities

32
Q

what are facts based models

A
  • models that captures a single piece of information, eg sensor location
33
Q

how can a function be partially applied to an argument (add for example)

A
  • the function is applied to one of the arguments
  • the output of this function is a new function
  • eg (add 4) 6

Computer science A level (33 decks)

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