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Biology 10 ib > BIG BIO REVIEW > Flashcards

BIG BIO REVIEW Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

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2
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The formation of living organisms from non-living matter

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1880, debunked spontaneous generation with the swan flask experiment

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cell diagram

A

plasmids
ribosomes 70s
philia
flagellum
nucleoid/DNA
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule

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5
Q

Plasma membranes role in the cell

A

protective function, controls what goes into and out of the a cell

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6
Q

flagella

A

allows cell mobility

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7
Q

pili

A

hair like growths for attachment (especially during sexual reproduction)

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8
Q

cell wall

A

protects ands maintains the shape, not in animal cells

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

scattered throughout the cytoplasm and function in protein synthesis
a.k.a the work bench
can float free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

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10
Q

nucleoid region

A

genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane

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11
Q

plasmids

A

very small rings of DNA

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12
Q

All living organisms exchanges ___ and ____ through the ____

A

waste and nutrients through the plasma membrane

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13
Q

complex structural configuration of the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

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14
Q

plasma membrane is composed of a special molecule called

A

phosphlipid

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15
Q

phospholipid is constructed of

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

the tendency water has to form hydrogen bombs, which maintains the overall structure of the membrane

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17
Q

phospholipids unique polarity causes them to

A

form a bilayer if they are present in a water environment

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18
Q

what cells have cholesterol randomly embedded within the membrane

A

animal cells `

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19
Q

cholesterol does what to the movement of phospholipid molecules

A

cholesterol prevents the movement of phospholipid molecules, therefore it reduces the fluidity of the membrane

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20
Q

cholesterol reduces

A

the fluidity of the membrane,
the permeability of the membrane to hydrophilic particles

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21
Q

three components of plasma membrane structure

A

protein, cholesterol, phospholipids

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22
Q

Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
Where is it found in the cell?
What does it do?
What is it made of?

A

A semi-fluid matrix located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
cellular organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
is predominately water
other substances dissolved in its fluid, proteins, fats, carbs, and ions.

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

filaments help give the cell structural support and shape

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24
Q

centrioles

A

small cylindrical fibers of protein called microtubules
in animal cells they move chromosomes during cell division

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25
Q

Mitochondrion or Mitochondria

A

jelly bean shaped
produces energy for the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
produces cellular respiration
powerhouse of the cell
has a double membrane

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs all metabolic activity in the cell
a.k.a brain/control center
surrounded by a double membrane which contains pores and can selectively allow certain substances to enter or leave the nucleus via these pores
contains the genetic info

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

channels and tunnels located throughout the cytoplasm of a cell

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28
Q

Rough ER

A

has ribosomes attached to it, proteins are typically produced for excretion from the cell

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29
Q

Smooth ER

A

has no ribosomes attached
lipid synthesis takes place
fat based hormones like estrogen or testosterone

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30
Q

Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus

A

packaging plant and waste treatment facility
look slike a stack of membranes with vesicles loosely pinching off at the perimeter

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31
Q

Lysosome

A

filled with digestive enzymes to break down food particles in the cell
moves to food vesicle and fuse with it
a.k.a garbage collector, suicide sack

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32
Q

Peroxisome

A

similar appearance to lysosomes
contain important enzyme called catalase
hydrogen peroxide is a waste from metabolic activity in the cell, therefore toxic and must be decomposed

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33
Q

Cell wall

A

rigid outer membrane in plant cells
support and protect cell
made of cellulose, a fibrous material

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34
Q

Chloroplast

A

football shaped
only in plants
contains a green pigment, chlorophyll
site of reaction photosynthesis

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35
Q

Plastid

A

photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites.

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36
Q

Vacuole

A

mainly for storage of water
very large in pants cells

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37
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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38
Q

Pathway of a ribosome

A

synthesized by ribosome, diffuse into the ER and will be transported through the channel system

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39
Q

four types of phylum

A

Phylum Bryophyta,
Phylum Filicinophyta,
Phylum Coniferophyta,
Phylum Angiospermophyta

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40
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

non vascular
restricted to a moist environment
do not have true roots, stems or leaves

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41
Q

Phylum Bryophyta example

A

moss, liverwort

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42
Q

Phylum Filicinophyta

A

Vascular
requires a moist environment
possess true roots, stems and leaves

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43
Q

Phylum Filicinophyta example

A

ferns

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44
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A

vascular
produces seeds in cones
true roots, stems and leaves

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45
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta example

A

conifer trees, cedar, spruce or douglas fir

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46
Q

Phylum Angiospermophyta

A

vascular
seeds are in special reproductive structures called flowers
female reproductive ovary develops into fruit
true roots, stems and leaves

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47
Q

Dicot

A

two cotyledons,
4x 0r 5x floral parts
3 pores in pollen
bundled vasculture
net like veins

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48
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon,
3x floral parts,
one pore in pollen
parallel veins
dispersed vasculature

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49
Q

three main types of plant tissue

A

ground tissue, dermal tissue and vascular tissue

50
Q

shoot system

A

undergoes photosynthesis
transports materials
involved in plant reproduction
produces hormones

51
Q

root system

A

anchors plants
absorbs water and minerals
stores sugar
transports water and minerals
produces hormones

52
Q

plants have ________ growth

A

indeterminate, cells continue to divide indefinitely

53
Q

meristem

A

area or max cell divsion

54
Q

apical meristems

A

located on ends of shoot and root (tips)

55
Q

lateral meristems

A

increase diameter/width

56
Q

a differentiated cell may become

A

leaves
flowers
bark
root hairs
stem tissue
seeds/fruit

57
Q

hormone responsible for growth of shoot and root in plant

A

auxin

58
Q

auxin causes ________ of cells in the stem

A

elongation

59
Q

A plant’s response to its environment is called

A

tropism

60
Q

tropism can be both?
name two kinds of tropisms

A

negative or positive
gravitropism - response to gravivity
phototropism - response to sunlight

61
Q

what are xerophytes?
what adaptations to their environment do they have?

A

very dry habitats
thick waxy cuticle, spines instead of leaves, vertical stems, CAM physiology, stoma opens on cool nights, not in intense heat

62
Q

what are halophytes?
what adaptations to their environment do they have?

A

saline soils
gets rid of excess NA via ATP
sheds leaves
excretion from special glands

63
Q

petal

A

bright colours, - attracts

64
Q

produces pollen

A

anther - male

65
Q

supports the anther

A

filament - male

66
Q

sugary luquid

A

nectary (scent)

67
Q

may form fruit tissue

A

receptacle

68
Q

becomes seeds

A

ovules - female

69
Q

holds ovules + may become fruit

A

ovary - female

70
Q

supports stigma

A

style - female

71
Q

sticky - catches pollen

A

stigma - female

72
Q

female parts of the plant are called

A

carpals

73
Q

male parts of the plant are called

A

stamen

74
Q

pollination

A

the movement of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
meiosis in the anther, moves to stigma

75
Q

fertilzation

A

sexual reproduction in plants (sperm and egg united)
one sperm forms a zygote, others will fuse to polar nuclei then form cotyledon/endosperm

76
Q

germination

A

development of a plant through a seed

77
Q

immature shoot of a seed

A

plumule

78
Q

immature root of a seed

A

radicle

79
Q

dicots two foods structures are called

A

cotyledons

80
Q

water enters through a tiny pore called

A

micropyle

81
Q

water absorption is called

A

imbibition

82
Q

imbibition occurs through the

A

testa and microphyle

83
Q

three conditions for a seed to germinate

A

water absorption, warmth, oxygen

84
Q

xylem does what

A

conducts water in vascular plants and provide structural support
have spiral walls of lignin and can withstand internal pressure

85
Q

two main cell types in xylem

A

tracheids hallow, passes through pits) and vessel elements (spiral walls of lignin)

86
Q

Two facts on xylem cells

A

cells die at maturity, water movement is unidirectional

87
Q

Phloem is the principle

A

sugar conducting tissue in vascular plants
dissolves sugar

88
Q

two main cells in phloem

A

companion cells (keep sieve tubes alive), sieve tubes cells

89
Q

two facts about phloem

A

bi-directional, and is alive

90
Q

translocation

A

source to sink
at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps.
Water moves into cells by osmosis
water pressure in seive tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose)
end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit

91
Q

movement of materials through the phloem is called the

A

pressure-flow theory

92
Q

during translocation where is pressure greatest?

A

closest to the source

93
Q

translocation

A

source to sink
at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps.
Water moves into cells by osmosis
water pressure in sieve tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose)
end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit

94
Q

upper epidermis and lower epidermis

A

protection

95
Q

stoma

A

opening for gas exchange for leaf

96
Q

waxy cuticle

A

protections and prevents water loss

97
Q

guard cell

A

regulates opening and closing of stoma

98
Q

vein/vascular bundle

A

transport
contains xylem and phloem

99
Q

palisade layer

A

ps, contains chloroplast

100
Q

spongy layer

A

gas exchange and some ps

101
Q

air space

A

gas exchange

102
Q

how does the stoma open

A

k+ enters by ATP, water follows by osmosis, guard cell sweels and becomes turgid, pore opens

103
Q

stoma pore closes

A

K+ leaves the gc and enters the epidermal cells. water floows K+ by osmosis. guard cell becomes flaccid. pore closes

104
Q

hypertonic

A

solution contains more solute than solvent
(kid hyped on sugar more particles)

105
Q

hypotonic

A

more solvent than solute
(hypo like hippo. hippo lives in water, more water)

106
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapour from stems and leaves of a plant

107
Q

factors that affect transpiration speed

A

wind speed, temp, humidity

108
Q

types of water movement

A

root pressure: water enters root by osmosis creates pressure to push water up xylem tubes
transpiration pull: main movement of water up the xylem, water replaces the molecules lost through transpiration
adhesion: water adheres to cellulose
cohesion: hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecule

109
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis

A

membrane engulfs material,
membrane expels material
requires ATP

110
Q

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

larger chunks move into the cell,
water and small ions move into the cell
requires ATP

111
Q

requires only heat energy (passive)

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated

112
Q

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated

A

water moves through membrane,
small particles move through membrane,
small particles move with carrier proteins

112
Q

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated

A

water moves through membrane,
small particles move through membrane,
small particles move with carrier proteins

113
Q

Isotonic

A

when two solutions are equal in solute and soluvent

114
Q

crenation

A

when water leaves an animal cell causing it to shrink

115
Q

plasmosis

A

water leaves plant cell and it shrinks

116
Q

deplasmosis

A

water enters plant cell, swells

117
Q

tonicity

A

describes, hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions

118
Q

cytolysis

A

animal cell takes too much water (explodes)

119
Q

two types of electron microscopes

A

scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM)

Biology 10 ib (4 decks)

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