BIG BIO REVIEW Flashcards
Cell theory
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
Spontaneous generation
The formation of living organisms from non-living matter
Louis Pasteur
1880, debunked spontaneous generation with the swan flask experiment
Prokaryotic cell diagram
plasmids
ribosomes 70s
philia
flagellum
nucleoid/DNA
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
Plasma membranes role in the cell
protective function, controls what goes into and out of the a cell
flagella
allows cell mobility
pili
hair like growths for attachment (especially during sexual reproduction)
cell wall
protects ands maintains the shape, not in animal cells
ribosomes
scattered throughout the cytoplasm and function in protein synthesis
a.k.a the work bench
can float free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
nucleoid region
genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane
plasmids
very small rings of DNA
All living organisms exchanges ___ and ____ through the ____
waste and nutrients through the plasma membrane
complex structural configuration of the plasma membrane
fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane is composed of a special molecule called
phosphlipid
phospholipid is constructed of
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
hydrogen bonds
the tendency water has to form hydrogen bombs, which maintains the overall structure of the membrane
phospholipids unique polarity causes them to
form a bilayer if they are present in a water environment
what cells have cholesterol randomly embedded within the membrane
animal cells `
cholesterol does what to the movement of phospholipid molecules
cholesterol prevents the movement of phospholipid molecules, therefore it reduces the fluidity of the membrane
cholesterol reduces
the fluidity of the membrane,
the permeability of the membrane to hydrophilic particles
three components of plasma membrane structure
protein, cholesterol, phospholipids
Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
Where is it found in the cell?
What does it do?
What is it made of?
A semi-fluid matrix located between the plasma membrane and nucleus
cellular organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
is predominately water
other substances dissolved in its fluid, proteins, fats, carbs, and ions.
Cytoskeleton
filaments help give the cell structural support and shape
centrioles
small cylindrical fibers of protein called microtubules
in animal cells they move chromosomes during cell division
Mitochondrion or Mitochondria
jelly bean shaped
produces energy for the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
produces cellular respiration
powerhouse of the cell
has a double membrane
Nucleus
Directs all metabolic activity in the cell
a.k.a brain/control center
surrounded by a double membrane which contains pores and can selectively allow certain substances to enter or leave the nucleus via these pores
contains the genetic info
Endoplasmic Reticulum
channels and tunnels located throughout the cytoplasm of a cell
Rough ER
has ribosomes attached to it, proteins are typically produced for excretion from the cell
Smooth ER
has no ribosomes attached
lipid synthesis takes place
fat based hormones like estrogen or testosterone
Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus
packaging plant and waste treatment facility
look slike a stack of membranes with vesicles loosely pinching off at the perimeter
Lysosome
filled with digestive enzymes to break down food particles in the cell
moves to food vesicle and fuse with it
a.k.a garbage collector, suicide sack
Peroxisome
similar appearance to lysosomes
contain important enzyme called catalase
hydrogen peroxide is a waste from metabolic activity in the cell, therefore toxic and must be decomposed
Cell wall
rigid outer membrane in plant cells
support and protect cell
made of cellulose, a fibrous material
Chloroplast
football shaped
only in plants
contains a green pigment, chlorophyll
site of reaction photosynthesis
Plastid
photosynthesis and the production and storage of metabolites.
Vacuole
mainly for storage of water
very large in pants cells
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Pathway of a ribosome
synthesized by ribosome, diffuse into the ER and will be transported through the channel system
four types of phylum
Phylum Bryophyta,
Phylum Filicinophyta,
Phylum Coniferophyta,
Phylum Angiospermophyta
Phylum Bryophyta
non vascular
restricted to a moist environment
do not have true roots, stems or leaves
Phylum Bryophyta example
moss, liverwort
Phylum Filicinophyta
Vascular
requires a moist environment
possess true roots, stems and leaves
Phylum Filicinophyta example
ferns
Phylum Coniferophyta
vascular
produces seeds in cones
true roots, stems and leaves
Phylum Coniferophyta example
conifer trees, cedar, spruce or douglas fir
Phylum Angiospermophyta
vascular
seeds are in special reproductive structures called flowers
female reproductive ovary develops into fruit
true roots, stems and leaves
Dicot
two cotyledons,
4x 0r 5x floral parts
3 pores in pollen
bundled vasculture
net like veins
monocot
one cotyledon,
3x floral parts,
one pore in pollen
parallel veins
dispersed vasculature
three main types of plant tissue
ground tissue, dermal tissue and vascular tissue
shoot system
undergoes photosynthesis
transports materials
involved in plant reproduction
produces hormones
root system
anchors plants
absorbs water and minerals
stores sugar
transports water and minerals
produces hormones
plants have ________ growth
indeterminate, cells continue to divide indefinitely
meristem
area or max cell divsion
apical meristems
located on ends of shoot and root (tips)
lateral meristems
increase diameter/width
a differentiated cell may become
leaves
flowers
bark
root hairs
stem tissue
seeds/fruit
hormone responsible for growth of shoot and root in plant
auxin
auxin causes ________ of cells in the stem
elongation
A plant’s response to its environment is called
tropism
tropism can be both?
name two kinds of tropisms
negative or positive
gravitropism - response to gravivity
phototropism - response to sunlight
what are xerophytes?
what adaptations to their environment do they have?
very dry habitats
thick waxy cuticle, spines instead of leaves, vertical stems, CAM physiology, stoma opens on cool nights, not in intense heat
what are halophytes?
what adaptations to their environment do they have?
saline soils
gets rid of excess NA via ATP
sheds leaves
excretion from special glands
petal
bright colours, - attracts
produces pollen
anther - male
supports the anther
filament - male
sugary luquid
nectary (scent)
may form fruit tissue
receptacle
becomes seeds
ovules - female
holds ovules + may become fruit
ovary - female
supports stigma
style - female
sticky - catches pollen
stigma - female
female parts of the plant are called
carpals
male parts of the plant are called
stamen
pollination
the movement of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
meiosis in the anther, moves to stigma
fertilzation
sexual reproduction in plants (sperm and egg united)
one sperm forms a zygote, others will fuse to polar nuclei then form cotyledon/endosperm
germination
development of a plant through a seed
immature shoot of a seed
plumule
immature root of a seed
radicle
dicots two foods structures are called
cotyledons
water enters through a tiny pore called
micropyle
water absorption is called
imbibition
imbibition occurs through the
testa and microphyle
three conditions for a seed to germinate
water absorption, warmth, oxygen
xylem does what
conducts water in vascular plants and provide structural support
have spiral walls of lignin and can withstand internal pressure
two main cell types in xylem
tracheids hallow, passes through pits) and vessel elements (spiral walls of lignin)
Two facts on xylem cells
cells die at maturity, water movement is unidirectional
Phloem is the principle
sugar conducting tissue in vascular plants
dissolves sugar
two main cells in phloem
companion cells (keep sieve tubes alive), sieve tubes cells
two facts about phloem
bi-directional, and is alive
translocation
source to sink
at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps.
Water moves into cells by osmosis
water pressure in seive tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose)
end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit
movement of materials through the phloem is called the
pressure-flow theory
during translocation where is pressure greatest?
closest to the source
translocation
source to sink
at the source (leaf) companion cells uses carrier proteins and ATP to take sugar from site of ps.
Water moves into cells by osmosis
water pressure in sieve tube cells push the water and sugar from phloem to rest of plant (like water hose)
end is a sink, which may be a root or tuber or fruit
upper epidermis and lower epidermis
protection
stoma
opening for gas exchange for leaf
waxy cuticle
protections and prevents water loss
guard cell
regulates opening and closing of stoma
vein/vascular bundle
transport
contains xylem and phloem
palisade layer
ps, contains chloroplast
spongy layer
gas exchange and some ps
air space
gas exchange
how does the stoma open
k+ enters by ATP, water follows by osmosis, guard cell sweels and becomes turgid, pore opens
stoma pore closes
K+ leaves the gc and enters the epidermal cells. water floows K+ by osmosis. guard cell becomes flaccid. pore closes
hypertonic
solution contains more solute than solvent
(kid hyped on sugar more particles)
hypotonic
more solvent than solute
(hypo like hippo. hippo lives in water, more water)
transpiration
the loss of water vapour from stems and leaves of a plant
factors that affect transpiration speed
wind speed, temp, humidity
types of water movement
root pressure: water enters root by osmosis creates pressure to push water up xylem tubes
transpiration pull: main movement of water up the xylem, water replaces the molecules lost through transpiration
adhesion: water adheres to cellulose
cohesion: hydrogen bonds with adjacent water molecule
endocytosis and exocytosis
membrane engulfs material,
membrane expels material
requires ATP
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
larger chunks move into the cell,
water and small ions move into the cell
requires ATP
requires only heat energy (passive)
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated
water moves through membrane,
small particles move through membrane,
small particles move with carrier proteins
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated
water moves through membrane,
small particles move through membrane,
small particles move with carrier proteins
Isotonic
when two solutions are equal in solute and soluvent
crenation
when water leaves an animal cell causing it to shrink
plasmosis
water leaves plant cell and it shrinks
deplasmosis
water enters plant cell, swells
tonicity
describes, hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
cytolysis
animal cell takes too much water (explodes)
two types of electron microscopes
scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM)
