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BF - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List six major hazards possible found in a clinical laboratory.

A

biohazard, sharps, chemical, radiological, physical, electrical

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2
Q

Identify three common blood-borne pathogens that have laboratory safety implications.

A

Hep B, Hep C, HIV, TB

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3
Q

Define Host.

A

organism that harbors a pathogen

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4
Q

Define Reservoir.

A

a living or non-living environment where pathogen can reside and multiply

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5
Q

Define Aerosol.

A

droplets or particles suspended in air

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6
Q

Define Standard Precautions.

A

treat all body fluids like it’s pathogenic

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7
Q

Identify the personal protective equipment (PPE) used by laboratory personnel (4).

A

gloves, lab coat, mask (N95), goggles or face shield

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8
Q

List the components of the chain of infection (6).

A

germs, where they live (reservoir), get out, get around, get in, next sick person

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9
Q

Describe the different modes of transmission (5).

A

direct contact, airborne, droplet, vehicle, vector

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10
Q

Describe the NFPA symbol.

A
  • red = flammability
  • yellow = instability
  • blue = health hazard
  • white = specific hazard (ex. oxidizer, acid, alkali, corrosive, use NO water, radiation)
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11
Q

Describe the two acronyms used in the event of a fire.

A
  • RACE (rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish/evacuate)
  • PASS (pull pin, aim at base of fire, squeeze handles, sweep nozzle)
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12
Q

Explain the method for disposing of urine specimen.

A
  • pour down the toilet or sink (if there isn’t blood, infection, etc.)
  • dispose of container in biohazard
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13
Q

Define Quality Control.

A

set of procedures and measures used to ensure that lab produces accurate, reliable, and reproducible results

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14
Q

Define Delta Checks.

A

compares patient’s current lab results with previous results to detect significant changes; large changes may indicate errors or significant clinical changes

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15
Q

Define Critical values.

A

test results that fall outside normal ranges that may indicate life-threatening situations

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16
Q

What are Error Variables?

A

pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical

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17
Q

Define Reliability.

A

consistency and dependability of test results over time

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18
Q

Define Standards.

A

substances or materials with known properties or concentrations used to calibrate instruments and validate lab methods

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19
Q

Define Controls.

A

samples with known values run alongside patient specimens to monitor performance of lab assays

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20
Q

Define Proficiency testing.

A

method of external QA where labs analyze unknown samples provided by an external agency; results are compared to those of other labs to evaluate performance and accuracy

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21
Q

Define Accuracy.

A

degree where a test result matches the true value or standard; high accuracy = result is close to actual value

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22
Q

Define Precision.

A

consistency of test results; high precision = low variability

23
Q

State the corrective action for quality controls results that are out of range.

A

stop patient testing, search for cause, retest after it has been fixed; if issue has been solved, patient testing can be resumed

24
Q

Describe the collection processes for all types of body fluids including spinal fluid (4).

A
  • lumbar puncture → CSF
  • thoracentesis → pleural fluid (chest cavity and lungs)
  • pericardiocentesis → pericardial fluid (heart)
  • paracentesis → peritoneal fluid (abdomen)
25
Name the individual laboratory departments involved in testing body fluids and what they do to analyze the fluids (4).
- hematology → analyzes blood components - clinical chemistry → tests for electrolytes, enzymes, glucose, lipids, hormones, and metabolic byproducts - microbiology → identifies infectious agents - blood bank → performs blood typing, cross-matching, and antibody screening for blood transfusions
26
State the primary solutes in normal urine (9).
urea, creatinine, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, phosphate, ammonium, calcium
27
State the basic composition of urine.
urine = urea + organic chemicals + inorganic chemicals + water
28
State the average daily urine volume from a normal adult.
1200-1500 mL/day
29
What happens to urine after sitting at room temperature for greater than 2 hours?
- change in color - decrease in clarity, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, trichomonas, RBCs, WBCs, and casts - increase in odor, pH, nitrite, and bacteria
30
Describe urine specimen collection techniques/procedures (7).
Midstream clean void, Catheterization, Suprapubic aspiration, Pediatric collection bags, Random void, First morning void, Timed (aka 24 hour)
31
Define the different urine volume terminology (4).
- Oliguria: decrease in urine output - Anuria: no urine flow - Nocturia: increased nocturnal excretion of urine - Polyuria: increase in urine excretion
32
State the different methods of preservation of urine (5).
refrigeration, boric acid, formalin, sodium fluoride, commercial preservative tablets
33
Define requisition.
the official order claiming the use of property or materials
34
Identify and describe the function of the structures in the urinary tract system.
- Ureters: transport urine from kidney to bladder - Bladder: stores urine - Urethra: carries urine from bladder to outside of body
35
List the different renal functions (5).
- elimination of excess water, foreign substances (drugs), and waste products (ex. urea and creatinine) - retention of substances (glucose, electrolytes, minerals, amino acids) necessary for normal body function - regulation of electrolyte balance and osmotic pressure of body fluids - acid/base balance maintenance - hormone production
36
State the function of each component of the glomerulus (3).
- Capillary endothelium: has pores; blocks large molecules and cells - Basement Membrane: further restricts large molecules - Podocytes: membrane covered filtration slits
37
Describe the processes involved in glomerular filtration (2).
- hydrostatic pressure: blood pressure in glomerulus pushes fluid into kidney tubule - oncotic pressure: proteins in blood pull water back into capillaries
38
Describe the process of urine formation. Describe the 2 types of transport.
- filtration (glomerulus capillaries) → ultrafiltrate (Bowman's) → reabsorbtion (proximity tubule) - active transport: must be attached to carrier proteins and cellular energy is needed for transport back to blood - passive transport: controlled by differences in substance concentration gradients on sides of membrane
39
List the solutes that are actively reabsorbed by the nephron (5).
glucose, salts, amino acids, chloride, sodium
40
List the solutes that are passively reabsorbed by the nephron (2).
urea, sodium
41
List the solutes that are secreted by the nephron (4).
hydrogen ions, urea, ammonia, potassium ions
42
Summarize secretory mechanisms that regulate acid-base balance.
- Hydrogen ion secretion to recover bicarbonate - Hydrogen ion secretion to form acids - Hydrogen ion secretion to form ammonium ions
43
Describe the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), renin, and aldosterone on the urine production and elimination.
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water retention and reduces urine output - renin: activates RAAS pathway to raise blood pressure and stimulate aldosterone release - aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption, leading to water retention and reduced urine output
44
Explain the RAAS.
regulates blood flow to and within glomerulus; responds to blood pressure and plasma sodium changes
45
Describe renal function tests (4).
- Creatinine Clearance: measures how well kidneys remove creatinine - eGFR: measures how well kidneys filter blood - Cystatin C: protein filtered by kidneys - Beta2Microglobulin: protein filtered by kidneys
46
Differentiate eGFR and GFR.
eGFR is an estimate based on blood creatinine levels and other factors, while GFR is the actual filtration rate of kidneys
47
Identify factors that can influence eGFR results.
- older age → lower eGFR - men have higher eGFR than women due to differences in muscle mass - more muscle mass → more creatinine → higher eGFR - black individuals have more muscle mass → higher eGFR
48
List the 3 constituents that give color to normal urine.
eurochrome, uroerythrin, urobilin
49
Compare the effects of hemoglobin, red blood cells, myoglobin, melanin, and homogentisic acid on urine color/clarity.
- hemoglobin → clear red - RBCs → cloudy red - myoglobin → red to brown or black - melanin → black - homogentisic acid → gradual darkening
50
Describe how specific gravity is measured in urine (2 ways).
- Refractometer (if applicable): concentration changes velocity and angle where light passes through solution - Reagent strip: measures ionic concentration
51
Describe what types of solutes/molecules can affect the specific gravity.
glucose and protein / large molecules
52
Define the terms used to describe different densities of urine (3).
- isosthenuric: SG of 1.010 - hyposthenuric: SG lower than 1.010 - hypersthenuric: SG higher than 1.010
53
State the normal ranges of the osmolality.
300-900 mOsm/kg H2O
54
Describe what various odors are associated with in urine (4).
- Mousy → phenylketonuria - Ammonia-like → infection - Fruity/Sweet → ketones - Maple Syrup → maple syrup urine disease

MLT (6 decks)

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