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MLT > BF - Exam 1 > Flashcards

BF - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List six major hazards possible found in a clinical laboratory.

A

biohazard, sharps, chemical, radiological, physical, electrical

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2
Q

Identify three common blood-borne pathogens that have laboratory safety implications.

A

Hep B, Hep C, HIV, TB

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3
Q

Define Host.

A

organism that harbors a pathogen

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4
Q

Define Reservoir.

A

a living or non-living environment where pathogen can reside and multiply

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5
Q

Define Aerosol.

A

droplets or particles suspended in air

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6
Q

Define Standard Precautions.

A

treat all body fluids like it’s pathogenic

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7
Q

Identify the personal protective equipment (PPE) used by laboratory personnel (4).

A

gloves, lab coat, mask (N95), goggles or face shield

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8
Q

List the components of the chain of infection (6).

A

germs, where they live (reservoir), get out, get around, get in, next sick person

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9
Q

Describe the different modes of transmission (5).

A

direct contact, airborne, droplet, vehicle, vector

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10
Q

Describe the NFPA symbol.

A
  • red = flammability
  • yellow = instability
  • blue = health hazard
  • white = specific hazard (ex. oxidizer, acid, alkali, corrosive, use NO water, radiation)
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11
Q

Describe the two acronyms used in the event of a fire.

A
  • RACE (rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish/evacuate)
  • PASS (pull pin, aim at base of fire, squeeze handles, sweep nozzle)
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12
Q

Explain the method for disposing of urine specimen.

A
  • pour down the toilet or sink (if there isn’t blood, infection, etc.)
  • dispose of container in biohazard
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13
Q

Define Quality Control.

A

set of procedures and measures used to ensure that lab produces accurate, reliable, and reproducible results

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14
Q

Define Delta Checks.

A

compares patient’s current lab results with previous results to detect significant changes; large changes may indicate errors or significant clinical changes

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15
Q

Define Critical values.

A

test results that fall outside normal ranges that may indicate life-threatening situations

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16
Q

What are Error Variables?

A

pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical

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17
Q

Define Reliability.

A

consistency and dependability of test results over time

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18
Q

Define Standards.

A

substances or materials with known properties or concentrations used to calibrate instruments and validate lab methods

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19
Q

Define Controls.

A

samples with known values run alongside patient specimens to monitor performance of lab assays

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20
Q

Define Proficiency testing.

A

method of external QA where labs analyze unknown samples provided by an external agency; results are compared to those of other labs to evaluate performance and accuracy

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21
Q

Define Accuracy.

A

degree where a test result matches the true value or standard; high accuracy = result is close to actual value

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22
Q

Define Precision.

A

consistency of test results; high precision = low variability

23
Q

State the corrective action for quality controls results that are out of range.

A

stop patient testing, search for cause, retest after it has been fixed; if issue has been solved, patient testing can be resumed

24
Q

Describe the collection processes for all types of body fluids including spinal fluid (4).

A
  • lumbar puncture → CSF
  • thoracentesis → pleural fluid (chest cavity and lungs)
  • pericardiocentesis → pericardial fluid (heart)
  • paracentesis → peritoneal fluid (abdomen)
25
Q

Name the individual laboratory departments involved in testing body fluids and what they do to analyze the fluids (4).

A
  • hematology → analyzes blood components
  • clinical chemistry → tests for electrolytes, enzymes, glucose, lipids, hormones, and metabolic byproducts
  • microbiology → identifies infectious agents
  • blood bank → performs blood typing, cross-matching, and antibody screening for blood transfusions
26
Q

State the primary solutes in normal urine (9).

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, phosphate, ammonium, calcium

27
Q

State the basic composition of urine.

A

urine = urea + organic chemicals + inorganic chemicals + water

28
Q

State the average daily urine volume from a normal adult.

A

1200-1500 mL/day

29
Q

What happens to urine after sitting at room temperature for greater than 2 hours?

A
  • change in color
  • decrease in clarity, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, trichomonas, RBCs, WBCs, and casts
  • increase in odor, pH, nitrite, and bacteria
30
Q

Describe urine specimen collection techniques/procedures (7).

A

Midstream clean void, Catheterization, Suprapubic aspiration, Pediatric collection bags, Random void, First morning void, Timed (aka 24 hour)

31
Q

Define the different urine volume terminology (4).

A
  • Oliguria: decrease in urine output
  • Anuria: no urine flow
  • Nocturia: increased nocturnal excretion of urine
  • Polyuria: increase in urine excretion
32
Q

State the different methods of preservation of urine (5).

A

refrigeration, boric acid, formalin, sodium fluoride, commercial preservative tablets

33
Q

Define requisition.

A

the official order claiming the use of property or materials

34
Q

Identify and describe the function of the structures in the urinary tract system.

A
  • Ureters: transport urine from kidney to bladder
  • Bladder: stores urine
  • Urethra: carries urine from bladder to outside of body
35
Q

List the different renal functions (5).

A
  • elimination of excess water, foreign substances (drugs), and waste products (ex. urea and creatinine)
  • retention of substances (glucose, electrolytes, minerals, amino acids) necessary for normal body function
  • regulation of electrolyte balance and osmotic pressure of body fluids
  • acid/base balance maintenance
  • hormone production
36
Q

State the function of each component of the glomerulus (3).

A
  • Capillary endothelium: has pores; blocks large molecules and cells
  • Basement Membrane: further restricts large molecules
  • Podocytes: membrane covered filtration slits
37
Q

Describe the processes involved in glomerular filtration (2).

A
  • hydrostatic pressure: blood pressure in glomerulus pushes fluid into kidney tubule
  • oncotic pressure: proteins in blood pull water back into capillaries
38
Q

Describe the process of urine formation. Describe the 2 types of transport.

A
  • filtration (glomerulus capillaries) → ultrafiltrate (Bowman’s) → reabsorbtion (proximity tubule)
  • active transport: must be attached to carrier proteins and cellular energy is needed for transport back to blood
  • passive transport: controlled by differences in substance concentration gradients on sides of membrane
39
Q

List the solutes that are actively reabsorbed by the nephron (5).

A

glucose, salts, amino acids, chloride, sodium

40
Q

List the solutes that are passively reabsorbed by the nephron (2).

A

urea, sodium

41
Q

List the solutes that are secreted by the nephron (4).

A

hydrogen ions, urea, ammonia, potassium ions

42
Q

Summarize secretory mechanisms that regulate acid-base balance.

A
  • Hydrogen ion secretion to recover bicarbonate
  • Hydrogen ion secretion to form acids
  • Hydrogen ion secretion to form ammonium ions
43
Q

Describe the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), renin, and aldosterone on the urine production and elimination.

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH): increases water retention and reduces urine output
  • renin: activates RAAS pathway to raise blood pressure and stimulate aldosterone release
  • aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption, leading to water retention and reduced urine output
44
Q

Explain the RAAS.

A

regulates blood flow to and within glomerulus; responds to blood pressure and plasma sodium changes

45
Q

Describe renal function tests (4).

A
  • Creatinine Clearance: measures how well kidneys remove creatinine
  • eGFR: measures how well kidneys filter blood
  • Cystatin C: protein filtered by kidneys
  • Beta2Microglobulin: protein filtered by kidneys
46
Q

Differentiate eGFR and GFR.

A

eGFR is an estimate based on blood creatinine levels and other factors, while GFR is the actual filtration rate of kidneys

47
Q

Identify factors that can influence eGFR results.

A
  • older age → lower eGFR
  • men have higher eGFR than women due to differences in muscle mass
  • more muscle mass → more creatinine → higher eGFR
  • black individuals have more muscle mass → higher eGFR
48
Q

List the 3 constituents that give color to normal urine.

A

eurochrome, uroerythrin, urobilin

49
Q

Compare the effects of hemoglobin, red blood cells, myoglobin, melanin, and homogentisic acid on urine color/clarity.

A
  • hemoglobin → clear red
  • RBCs → cloudy red
  • myoglobin → red to brown or black
  • melanin → black
  • homogentisic acid → gradual darkening
50
Q

Describe how specific gravity is measured in urine (2 ways).

A
  • Refractometer (if applicable): concentration changes velocity and angle where light passes through solution
  • Reagent strip: measures ionic concentration
51
Q

Describe what types of solutes/molecules can affect the specific gravity.

A

glucose and protein / large molecules

52
Q

Define the terms used to describe different densities of urine (3).

A
  • isosthenuric: SG of 1.010
  • hyposthenuric: SG lower than 1.010
  • hypersthenuric: SG higher than 1.010
53
Q

State the normal ranges of the osmolality.

A

300-900 mOsm/kg H2O

54
Q

Describe what various odors are associated with in urine (4).

A
  • Mousy → phenylketonuria
  • Ammonia-like → infection
  • Fruity/Sweet → ketones
  • Maple Syrup → maple syrup urine disease

MLT (3 decks)

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