Beyond Classic Endocrine Glands Flashcards
How are adipocytes store and release energy
Stored energy as triglycerides and release as fatty acids
Role of leptin
Regulation of energy reserve levels
Signals satiety to the brain
What do mutations of leptin gene in adipose tissue or leptin receptor expressed in the hypothalamus lead to
Abnormal eating behaviour
Early onset morbid obesity
Role of adiponectin
Increase insulin sensitivity
What are disorders associated with metabolic syndrome
-hypertension
-obesity
Hyperglycaemia
High serum triglycerides
Insulin resistance
Why is weight loss hard for people with obsesity
-the body remembers the highest weight and defends the body weight as the new normal weight
Changes in appetite regulating hormones will increase hunger
If obese people don’t eat enough , hormones are triggered to conserve energy
Other non classical endocrine glands
Heart
Kidney
Bone
Tumours
Pineal gland
What is GLP1 and its role
Produced by L cells of ileum and colon in response to food intake
Releases insulin from pancreas to lower blood sugar levels by promoting uptake of glucose into cells for energy or storage , inhibits glucagon which prevents excess glucose production
Slows down emptying of stomach ,regulates rate at which nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream
Makes you feel full and satiety
Regulates appetite and food intake
Use of GLP1 in medicine
Used to treat diabetes type 2 , as glp1 receptor agonists , mimicking the action of glp1 to improve blood sugar control and can led to weight loss
Mechanism in healthy adipose tissue
-leptin signals satiety to brain
-adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity
-resistin levels are low
Mechanism of adipose tissue with someone with obesity
-leptin secretion high but there is resistance to leptin
-adiponectin secretion low
-insulin resistance , obesity , metabolic syndrome
Visceral fat vs subcutaneous fat
-viseral gives a more apple shape , subcutaneous gives a pear shape
They both express different developmental genes
Have different signalling profiles
Free fatty acids and adipocytokines released from visceral fat drained directly into liver to alter metabolism
What is a circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle and are found in most living organisms, including humans. These rhythms help regulate various physiological processes and behaviors, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism.
Role of the pineal gland
-melatonin production to regulate sleep wake cycle
-regulate circadian rhythms
