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Pharma > Beta Lactum > Flashcards

Beta Lactum Flashcards

1
Q

All beta lactam have in their structure?

A

a beta-lactam ring

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2
Q

The antibiotics under this group consist of:

A

Penicillins.
Cephalosporins.
Carbapenems.
Monobactams

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3
Q

Source

A

Natural: from molds (Fungi) only penicillin G and Penicillin V
Semisynthetic.

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4
Q

Disadvantages of penicillin G

A

1- Acid-sensitive -Can’t be Taken otally
2) B-lactamase - sensitive
3) Narrow-spectrum
4- short acting

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5
Q

To solve acid resistance

A

Penicillin v

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6
Q

To solve B lactamase resistance

A

Methicillin

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7
Q

To solve short acting

A

a. Procaine penicillin G/ 12h.
b. Fortified Procaine Penicillin G/ 24h and quick onset.
c. Benzathine Penicillin G/ month.

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8
Q

To solve narrow spectrum

A
  1. Ampicillin -> incomplete oral absorption ( short duration)
  2. Amoxicillin-> complete oral absorption
  3. Pro- ampicillin
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9
Q

Short acting can be Long actin when we increase

A

Frequency

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10
Q

Absorption

A

According to preparations
Penicillin V , ampicillin and amoxicillin -> absorbed orall

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11
Q

Distribution

A

No pass B.B.B Pass easily inflamed meanings.
Pass placenta barrier but has no negative effects ( not teratogenic )

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolized by bacterial enzymes:
Penicillinase~ Penicilloic acid ~ Inactive & Hapten causes allergic reactions.

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13
Q

What hapten do ?

A

Allergic reactions

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14
Q

Side effects

A

Ampicillin causes “maculopapular rash”
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Diarrhea and superinfection.

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15
Q

Case of maculopapular rash

A

Allergy.
b) Leukemia.
c) Infectious mononucleosis (diagnostic test).
d) Patients treated by allopurinol.

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16
Q

Cause of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

A

Due to syphlitis

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17
Q

Indication

A
  1. Respiratory tract infections TB
    2) unnary tract infections
    3) G I T infections
    4) Meningitis
    5- Endocarditis.
    6-Syphilis
18
Q

Lactamase inhibitors

A

1.Ampicillin+ Sulbactam forms Unasyn
2. Amoxycillin + clavulanic acid forms Augmentin and Hibiotic.

19
Q

Mechanism of action

A
  1. Bactrio static -> (prevent growth and
    Reproduction )
    2.Bactericidal: Kills the bacteria
    #Penicillins bind to specific penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that inhibits transpeptidase enzyme leads to inhibition of cross linking between peptidoglycan layers causing inhibition of cell wall synthesis
20
Q

Cephalosporins
Source and chemistry

A

as Penicillin

21
Q

Cephalosporins
Source and chemistry

A

as Penicillin

22
Q

Lactamase producing bacteria are PEPSI

A

Proteus,
E. Coli,
Pseudomonas,
Staph
H. Influenza).

23
Q

Spectrum

A

Broad

24
Q

Spectrum

A

Broad

25
Q

excretion of Cephalosporins

A

Active Renal tubular excretion

26
Q

Distribution of

A

Cannot pass b.b.b

27
Q

Exception in execration of Cephalosporins

A

1.Cefotaxime is Partially’ de-acetylated & partially excreted unchanged in urine.
2. Ceftriaxone & Cefoperazone undergo Biliary excretion.

28
Q

Adverse effects of Cephalosporins

A

1.Hypersensitivity: as penicillin.
2. Diarrhea and superinfections: as penicillin.
3.Never give ceftriaxone and Ca in same line as may form insoluble salt causing biliary stones
4. Nephrotoxicity; especially if given with aminoglycosides

29
Q

First generation members ( cannot pass 3B)

A

Cephalexin
Cephradine.
Cefazolin
Cefapirin

30
Q

Second generation members ( cannot pass 3B) except …

A

Cefuroxime
cefaclor.
Cefuroxime
cefamandole
Cefoxitin
Except (Cefuroxime)

31
Q

Third generation members ( pass3B) except

A

Except cefoperazone.
1. Cefixime
2. Cefotaxime
3. Ceftriaxone
4. Cefoperazone
5. Ceftazidime
6. Moxalactam.

32
Q

Fourth generation members

A

Cefepime

33
Q

Imipenem source and chemistry

A

Synthetic
β Lactam antibiotics.

34
Q

Imipenem distribution

A

Given IV and Pass BBB during meningitis.

35
Q

Adverse effect of Imipenem

A

Allergy and partial cross-allergy with penicillin, GIT disturbances and seizures

36
Q

Indication of Imipenem

A

sserious hospital acquired (Nosocomial) infections.

37
Q

How to make imipenem safe for kidney

A

Imipenem + Cilastatin forms Tienam

38
Q

Why Imipenem nephrotoxic

A

due to dihydropeptidase enzyme

39
Q

Benefits of meropenem

A

Not nephrotoxic
Rare To produce seizures

40
Q

Ertapenem benefits

A

has longer half life (given once/lay]
→ Doesn’t produce Seizures
→not nephrotoxic

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