BESR Flashcards
Aralin BESR obviously
Is the branch of study dealing with what is the
proper course of action for man
ETHICS
is the study of right and wrong in human
endeavors
ETHICS
is the method by which we categorize our
values and pursue them
ETHICS
is man’s means of deciding on the course of action to take
ETHICS
These are actions that proceed from the
deliberate free will of man.
HUMAN ACTS
these actions are done with the knowledge and consent, and is willfully carried out by the person (Roa, 2011).
HUMAN ACTS
These acts are
determined by the following characteristics: (4)
- Free and Voluntary acts of man
- Done with Knowledge and Consent
- Proper to man being a Rational being
- Done consciously and entails responsibility
These are actions that naturally exhibited by man and are morally indifferent (neutral) because these actions cannot be judged to be ethical or unethical (Roa, 2011).
ACTS OF MAN
Acts of Man is divided into two categories:
- Natural Involuntary Acts
- Natural Voluntary Acts
These are actions of man that are performed involuntarily (e.g. metabolism, heart beating, breathing)
Natural Involuntary Acts
These are actions that are within the control of man’s will for some period of time (e.g. sleeping, walking, running)
Natural Voluntary Acts
The quality of goodness or badness of a human act
MORALITY
This refers to an individual’s own
principles regarding right and wrong. These are Principles or habits with respect to right or wrong conduct. These are also the prescribed dos and don’ts, morality is ultimately a personal compass of right and wrong.
MORALS
-are those
actions done
by man in
harmony with
right reason
GOOD ACTS
-are those actions
done by man in
contradiction to
the dictates of
right reason
EVIL ACTS
-are acts that are
neither good nor
evil
INDIFFERENT/
NEUTRAL ACTS
FACTORS OF MORALITY
Society
Culture
This is mainly concerned with
how people are within a community is
brought up in that community.
Society
Cultural differences in the Philippines contribute to how they perceive whether an act is acceptable or
not.
Culture
It is defined as the practical judgment of reason deciding upon an individual act as good and is to be followed or as evil and be avoided.
Conscience
This is considered by
traditional ethics as the
proximate norm of morality
Conscience
-This happens when a
judgment is made
before an action is
done.
Antecedent Conscience
-mainly of the strict
following of rules. Actions are judged as they are disregarding
circumstances.
True Conscience
Concerns
-Judges things in a
distorted manner with the considering of morally unacceptable acts as good and vice versa.
Erroneous Conscience
-This happens when a
person is uncertain
about a moral
judgment.
Doubtful Conscience
-This type sees a
wrong where there is
none.
Scrupulous Conscience
-This is the opposite of
the scrupulous
conscience. It is the kind
of conscience which fails to see the wrong where there is a wrong
Lax Conscience
These deal with general rules about what kind of
behavior is considered right or wrong, good or bad. They point to human qualities relating to how people live together in harmony and outline values that will provide benefit or harm to the larger group rather than an individual.
MORAL STANDARDS
Sources of Moral Standards
Religion
Culture
One’s own life/self
These govern individual life, aspirations and desires and may decide a person’s place in his
group.
NON- MORAL STANDARDS
FACTORS THAT
AFFECT ETIQUETTE
- Physical
a. External Appearance
b. Grace
2.Psychological
a. Socialization/Upbringing
b. Heredity - Other factors
a. Schooling
b. Peers
c. Social Life
d. Marital Life
This is referred to as “crystallized Ethics”. Compared to Morality
and Ethics, ____ regulates man’s external behavior while Ethics
and Morality examines the internal disposition of man with regards to his decisions.
LAW
These are written rules that encompass Personal, Organizational
and Corporate standards of behavior expected of Professionals
(Roa, 2011).
Professional Codes of Ethic
The 3 Determinants
1.The End of the Action (ACT).
2. The End of the Actor (MOTIVE).
3. Circumstances of the Act.
-This refers to the act itself and its
purpose.
1.The End of the Action (ACT).
-This refers to the intention or the motive
of the doer of the action. The motive of
the agent is different from the purpose of
the action and this varies per individual
- The End of the Actor (MOTIVE)
-This refers to the conditions that affect the human
act by increasing or decreasing the responsibility of
the actor These are not part of the action per set but
these affect the morality of the act on whether it
could be morally justifiable or unjustifiable.
- Circumstances of the Act.
circumstances of time.
When
circumstances of location or place
Where
refers to the manner or mode by which the
act is performed.
How
who or what the act is directed to.
To whom
Principles of the determinants
of Morality (Glenn, 1968)
- An indifferent act can become good or
evil through its circumstances. - A good act can become evil through its
circumstances. - A good act can become better or an evil
act could become worse through the
circumstances. - An evil act can never become good
through circumstances but it can be
morally justifiable - A good act done with evil means destroys
the entire objective goodness of the action.
Law 1
NEVER OUTSHINE THE MASTER.
Law 2
NEVER PUT TOO MUCH TRUST IN FRIENDS,
LEARN HOW TO USE ENEMIES.
Law 3
CONCEAL YOUR INTENTIONS.
Law 4
ALWAYS SAY LESS THAN NECESSARY.
Law 5
SO MUCH DEPENDS ON REPUTATION – GUARD IT
WITH YOUR LIFE.
Law 6
COURT ATTENTION AT ALL COST.
Law 7
GET OTHERS TO DO THE WORK FOR YOU,
BUT ALWAYS TAKE THE CREDIT.
Law 8
MAKE OTHER PEOPLE COME TO YOU – USE BAIT IF NECESSARY.
Law 9
WIN THROUGH YOUR ACTIONS, NEVER THROUGH ARGUMENT.
Law 10
INFECTION: AVOID THE UNHAPPY AND THE UNLUCKY
Law 11
LEARN TO KEEP PEOPLE DEPENDENT ON YOU.
Law 12
USE SELECTIVE HONESTY AND GENEROSITY
TO DISARM YOUR VICTIM.
Law 13
WHEN ASKING FOR HELP, APPEAL TO PEOPLE’S SELF-INTEREST,
NEVER TO THEIR MERCY OR GRATITUDE.
Law 14
POSE AS A FRIEND, WORK AS A SPY.
Law 15
CRUSH YOUR ENEMY TOTALLY.
Law 16
USE ABSENCE TO INCREASE RESPECT AND HONOR.
Law 17
KEEP OTHERS IN SUSPENDED TERROR: CULTIVATE AN AIR
OF UNPREDICTABILITY.
Law 18
DO NOT BUILD FORTRESSES TO PROTECT YOURSELF –
ISOLATION IS DANGEROUS.
Law 19
KNOW WHO YOU’RE DEALING WITH – DO NOT OFFEND
THE WRONG PERSON.
Law 20
DO NOT COMMIT TO ANYONE.
Law 21
PLAY A SUCKER TO CATCH A SUCKER – SEEM DUMBER
THAN YOUR MARK.
Law 22
USE THE SURRENDER TACTIC: TRANSFORM
WEAKNESS INTO POWER.
Law 23
CONCENTRATE YOUR FORCES.
Law 24
PLAY THE PERFECT COURTIER.
