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Benign Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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2
Q

what is the epidermis

A

provides a waterproof barrier
melanocytes in the lower level

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3
Q

What is the dermis

A

connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands

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4
Q

what is hypodermis

A

adjacent to fat and connective tissues (subcutaneous tissues)

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5
Q

give in details the layers of the skin

A

stratum cornea
EPIDERMIS
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
DERMIS
papillary dermis
reticular dermis
hypodermis

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6
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A

most common benign tumor
hyperkeratotic lesion of the epidermis (appears on the surface of the skin)

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7
Q

where is seborrheic keratosis most common

A

on the trunk but can appear on the extremities, face, and scale

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8
Q

what is the clinical appearance of seborrheic keratosis

A

variable from brown to black
well-circumscribed borders and a rough surface
2mm-3cm

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9
Q

What is a kind of epidermal neoplasm

A

dermatosis papulose nigra

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10
Q

what is the appearance of dermatosis papulose nigra

A

multiple small black or brown papules common found on the face of dark-skinned people

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11
Q

what is the sign of dermatosis papulose nigra

A

the leser-trelat sign

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12
Q

what is the leser-trelat sign(s)

A

multiple seborrhric keratosis lesions
underlying malignancy
consideration of a paraneoplastic disorder
may resolve with treatment of the malignancy

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13
Q

what is the histology of dermatosis papulose nigra

A

acanthosis (benign overgrowth of stratum spinosum)
horn pseudo-cyst + string sign

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14
Q

acrochordon is also known as

A

skin tag

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15
Q

acrochordon (skin tag) is a

A

common, small, benign neoplasm

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16
Q

acrochordon (skin tag) is located where

A

dermis and epidermis

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17
Q

acrochordon (skin tag) is seen how clinically

A

skin colored and brownish

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18
Q

how does acrochordon (skin tag) differ from seborrheic keratosis

A

acrochordon (skin tag) is 2-5mm in size vs 2mm-3cm

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19
Q

acrochordon (skin tag) is commonly found where

A

in skin folds (neck, axillae, groin)

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20
Q

skin tags can be associated with what

A

metabolic syndromes (obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated c-reactive protein levels)

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21
Q

are skin tags harmful

A

no - in adults
yes - in children

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22
Q

what are pediatric skin tags indicative of

A

nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrom

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23
Q

skin tags are composed of what

A

a fibrovascular core and covered by squamous epithelium

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24
Q

central core lesions are composed of

A

loose collagen with increased blood vessels because they are composed of a fibrovascular core

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25
larger lesions may have a central core of what
adipose tissue
26
epidermal cyst are
the most common type of cutaneous cyst
27
epidermal cyst commonly occur
on the back, face and chest
28
epidermal cyst are usually caused by
keratin plugging the follicle leading to cystic dilation = entrapment of keratin debris
29
multiple epidermal inclusion cysts can be seen in what syndrome
Gardner Syndrome
30
what is gardner syndrome
gardner syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
31
Cysts that are unusual in number or location (fingers or toes) lead to
screening of colon cancer
32
what are the clinical features of epidermal cysts
discrete, freely movable cyst or nodule may have a central punctum
33
what are microscopic features of epidermal cysts
the lining is composed of stratified squamous epithelium with a granular layer
34
sebaceous tumors have what kind of clinical appearance
solitary small, yellow, lobulated papules on the forehead or cheeks
35
what are examples of multiple sebaceous tumors can occur as part of what
muir-torre syndrome
36
muir-torre syndrome
is an autosomal disorder that is most commonly due to the mutation in MSH2 mismatch repair gene
37
what are the microscopic features of sebaceous glands
vacuolated, bubbly, mature sebocytes
38
sebaceous adenoma
rare benign tumor of sebaceous glands
39
sebaceous adenomas occur where
70% on the head 30% on the neck, trunk, extremities
40
Muir-Torre syndrome is also reffered to as lynch syndrome
lynch syndrome
41
lynch syndrome
variant of nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome mutation of different syndrome that includes MSH2
42
what is the most common gene syndrome in muirr-torre syndrome?
MSH2
43
sebaceous cells have what kind of stain
lighter
44
basal cells have what kind of stain
darker
45
sebaceous tumors are often clinically mistaken for what
basal cell carcinoma
46
what differentiates sebaceous tumors from basal cell carcinoma
papules with teleangiclasia
47
the central sebocytes are
white/mature
48
the peripheral sebocytes are
pink/grey
49
what causes the difference in color between central and peripheral sebocytes
the amount of staining that they receive - peripheral gets more
50
sweat gland tumors occur
within the gland
51
what are the two types of lesions involved in sweat gland tumors
eccrine lesions apocrine lesions
52
what type of lesion is the most common in regard to sweat gland tumors
eccrine
53
what type of lesion is rare and found in body folds in regard to sweat gland tumors
apocrine
54
what is the clinical description of eccrine (poroma)
benign sessile nodule red scaly
55
what are the 3 types of eccrine (poroma)
poroma , both epidermis and dermis hidroacanthoma simplex, within the epidermis dermal duct tumor, limited to the dermis (on one thats found there)
56
what are the types of cylindroma
sporadic hereditary
57
hereditary cylindroma
is a variant of Brook-spiegler syndrome caused by germline mutations in the cylidnromatosis tumor suppressor gene (CYLD)
58
hereditary cylindroma has what kind of pattern
jig-saw appear blue basaloid from H&E staining
59
hereditary cylindroma has what kind of cells
2 large with pale staining small with dark stain
60
Syringoma
benign sporadic tumor that arises from the intradermal eccrine sweat duct
61
Syringoma appears as
small papules often on the face
62
hair follicle tumors are characterized by
the depth of the hair follicle starting from the base
63
infundibulum
from the epidermal surface to the opening of the sebaceous duct
64
isthmus
from the opening of the sebaceous duct to the inerstion of the arrector pili muscle (trichomela)
65
inferior follicle
from the insertion of the arrector pili to the hair bulb
66
germinative matrix
cluster of proliferative round blue cells that make up the hair bulbs - give rise to the hair shaft
67
hair papilla aka dermal or mesenchymal papilla
connective tissue and capillary loop, minimal cell division
68
trichoepithelioma
benign hair follicle tumors present as small-fleshed colored papules in adults forms the hair follicle
69
2 cases of trichoepithelioma
sproadic familial
70
sporadic trichoepithelioma
cases are associated with MFT (multiple familial trichoepithelioma)
71
MFT (multiple familial trichoepithelioma) is associated with
suppression of chromosome 9 - the tumor suppression gene
72
trichoepithelioma can be seen histologically as
small horn cyst filled with keratin dense pink fibrous stroma papillary mesenchymal bodies
73
trichilemmoma
common benign follicular proliferation wart like appearance associated with cowden syndrome
74
trichilemmoma is associated with what gene mutation
PTEN
75
how do you confirm glycogen in trichilemmoma
PAS staining
76
cutaneous spindle cell neoplasms
composed of spindle cells benign lesions are more common that malignant tumors
77
what are some of the most common primary cutaneous sarcomas
dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (most common) leiomyosarcoma pleomorphic dermal sarcoma
78
Schwannoma
benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells
79
schwann cells produce what
the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves
80
describe dense cellular areas of schwannoma
antoni A haphazard arrangement of bland cells with spindle and oval nuclei
81
describe loose cellular areas of schwannoma
antoni B less dense cellular areas loose edematous and mucinous stroma with birillar collagen vessels are prominant
82
neurofibroma
benign nerve sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system
83
multiple lesion of neurofibroma are called
NF1
84
NF1 is cause by
inactivation of NF1 gene
85
inactivation of NF1 gene causes what
abnormal functioning of RAS pathwayw
86
what are the subtypes of neurofibroma
plexiform = irregularly expanded nerve bundles with nodular appearance diffuse cutaneous = large plaque elevation superficial cutaneous = pedunculated nodules (sporadic)
87
what is the histopathology of neurofibroma
encapsulated lesion in the dermis , usually sparing a later of the dermis below the Grenz zone
88
what is the grenz zone
layer of dermis below the epidermis
89
what are the main findings of NF1
cafe au lait spots axillary freckling iris Lisch nodules
90
what is responsible for NF1
heterozygous pathogenic varients
91
What is NF2
bilateral schawanomas
92
NF2 is considered what kind of disease
adult may be uncrecognized in children
93
Dermatofibroma is
is the ideopathic benign proliferation of fibroblasts
94
Dermatofibroma appears as
gradually over months and is asymptomatic
95
Dermatofibroma is more common in
women
96
Dermatofibroma's diagnosis is supported ny
fitzpatrick's sign
97
fitzpatrick's sign is
dimpling or retraction of the lesion beneath the skin with lateral compression
98
multiple Dermatofibromaa are rare but may arise in what population subset
immunocopromised
99
histologically, Dermatofibroma is
ill-defined short spindled and ovoid cells arranged as pinwheels
100
what inflammatory cells are involved with Dermatofibroma
foamy macrophages, touton giant cells, and siderophages
101
Dermatofibroma may metastsize to
lungs lymph nodes or soft tissue

Integument (6 decks)

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