Benefits of Physical Activity

Question 1

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

Answer 1

It is levels of evidence which are assigned to studies based on the methodological quality.

Question 2

What are the levels of hierarchy of evidence?

Answer 2

1. Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT)
2. Cohort Studies
3. Case Control Studies
4. Case Report or Case Series
5. Narrative Reviews, Expert Opinions, Editorials

Question 3

Describe the bottom level of the hierarchy of evidence

Answer 3

There is no design to this evidence.

A lot of the time it is somebody’s opinion or somebody’s observation about what was going on.

Question 4

Where does PA outcome data typically come from?

Answer 4

• Data traditionally comes from cohort studies and RCT (intervention studies)

Question 5

What are the two dimensions of mental health?

Answer 5

1. Mental wellbeing

2. Mental illness

Question 6

Describe mental wellbeing

Answer 6

Emotional, social and psychological wellbeing.

Question 7

Describe mental illness

Answer 7

Refers to symptoms which meet the criteria for clinical diagnosis which interfere with an individual’s cognitive, emotional and social abilities.

Question 8

What fraction of adults will experience mental health problems over the course of a year?

Answer 8

One in four

Question 9

What fraction of adolescents or children have a mental health problem?

Answer 9

One in twelve

Question 10

What is self-esteem?

Answer 10

A self-rating or evaluation of one’s self-description.

The degree to which individual values or feels positive about themselves.

Question 11

What is self concept?

Answer 11

Defined by a person’s perception of themselves – what they think about themselves.

Question 12

What is represented in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 12

Self-actualisation
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs

Question 13

What does low self esteem predict in children and adolescents?

Answer 13

Predicts poor health, criminal behaviour, and limited economic prospects during adulthood

Question 14

What are the two hypothesis’ about why PA might improve self-esteem?

Answer 14

1. Motivational Hypothesis

2. Personal Development Hypothesis

Question 15

What does motivational hypothesis suggest?

Answer 15

Motivational hypothesis suggests that if you have high global self-esteem or physical self-worth you do more PA

Question 16

What does Personal development hypothesis suggest?

Answer 16

It suggests that if you are physically active and you have a positive experience during physical activity, it makes you feel good about yourself and your global self-esteem and physical self-worth increase.

Question 17

What is the relationship between PA and SE?

Answer 17

PA has a positive influence on SE

Question 18

What is Affect?

Answer 18

• Affect (core affect) relates to basic feelings and typically range from pleasant to unpleasant or good and bad – no thought process

Question 19

What is mood?

Answer 19

• Mood relates to a global set of feelings we experience on a day-to-day basis – fluctuating (e.g., feeling down, vigorous).

Question 20

What are emotions?

Answer 20

Emotions relate to specific affective states in response to appraising a specific event (e.g., anger or happiness)

Question 21

What is a measurement for mood?

Answer 21

POMS: Profile of Mood States

Question 22

What is the issue with cross sectional design?

Answer 22

You can not tell causation

Question 23

What is the relationship between PA and mortality?

Answer 23

Observational studies (prospective cohort) consistently show reduced mortality rates among participants with higher physical activity levels compared with participants with less

Question 24

Why look at economics in regards to PA?

Answer 24

Looking at the economic case can help raise public support and profile of PA.

Convince key decision makers to take action.

Prioritise funding decisions in an era of increasingly tight budgets.