Benchmark Anatomy

Question 1

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:

Answer 1

1. Movement
   
   2. Posture
   3. Heat Production

Question 2

Microscopic structure of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 2

~Myofilaments: thick (containing the protein myosin) and thin (composed of action)
~Basic functional (contractile unit called sarcomere: sarcomeres separated from each other bands called z lines
-thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments slide past each other as a muscle contracts.
-Contraction requires calcium and energy rich ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 3

Define: Motor Unit

Answer 3

~ Stimulation of a muscle by a nerve impulse is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement.
~ A motor neuron is the specialized nerve that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction.
~ A neuromuscular junction is the specialized point of contact between a nerve ending and the muscle fiber it innervates.
~ A motor unit is the combination of a motor neuron with the muscle cell or cells it innervates.

Question 4

Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscle

Answer 4

~ Atrophy: muscle cell size decreases
~ Hypertrophy: muscle cell size increases
-Strength Training exercise involving contraction of muscle against heavy resistance (anaerobic)
-Endurance training is the increases the muscle’s ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period; it is sometimes called aerobic training

Question 5

-Muscles: Actions of Muscles Studied

Answer 5

~Flexion
		~Extension
		~Abduction
		~Adduction
		~Supination
	~Pronation
	~Dorsiflexion
	~Plantar flexion 
	~Rotation

Question 6

Anatomy & Physiology of the Brain-Stem (Viral Function)

Answer 6

~ Medulla Oblongata-controls breathing and heart rate
~ Pons- Motor and sensory analysis; relays sensory input from the cerebellum to cerebrum
~ Midbrain- visual, hearing, eye and body movement (reactions)

Question 7

Anatomy & Physiology of the Limbic System (Emotional Brain)

Answer 7

~Thalamus- associates sensations and emotions
~Hypothalamus- controls homeostasis (body temperature); emotions; thirst; hunger; sleep cycle; sexual desire
~Amygdala (temporal lobe)- memory; emotion; fear
~Hippocampus (medial part of temporal lobe)- learning and memory; converting short term memory into long term

Question 8

Lobes of Cerebrum & their functions

Answer 8

~Frontal Lobe: reasoning; planning; parts of speech; movement; personality; problem solving
~Parietal Lobe: movement; orientation; recognition; perception of stimuli
~Temporal Lobe: perception and recognition of auditory stimuli; memory and speech
~Occipital Lobes: visual processing

Question 9

Parts of a Neuron

Answer 9

~Dendrites- receive signals
~Axon- send signals
~Cell Bodies- interprets and produces signals

Question 10

-Cranial Nerve Functions

Answer 10

“On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hope” 
~Olfactory 
			~Optic
			~Oculomotor
			~Trochlear
			~Trigeminal
			~Abducens
	~Facial
~Auditory
	~Glossopharyngeal
	~Vagus
	~Spinal Acessory
	~Hypoglossal

Question 11

-Anatomy of the Heart (chambers; valves; membranes)

Answer 11

~Chambers
-2 Atria (upper chamber)- receiving
-2 Ventricles (lower chamber)- discharging
~Valves
-2 Atrioventricular Valves
-Bicuspid- between left atrium and ventricle
-Tricuspid- between right atrium and ventricle
-2 Semilunar Valves
-Pulmonary- between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
-Aortic-between the left ventricle and the aorta (to the body)
~Membranes
-Myocardium-the muscular wall of each chambers of the heart
-Endocardium- a thin layer of smooth tissue that lines the inside of each chamber (very slippery)
-Pericardium- opposed of 2 layers of fibrous tissue with a space in between filled with pericardial fluid

Question 12

Coronary Heart Disease (#1 killer in America)

Answer 12

The myocardium receives its blood supply via the right and left coronary arteries

Question 13

Electrical System of the Heart

Answer 13

~Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)- “pacemaker” located in the right atrium
~Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)- carries the signal from the atria to the ventricles
~Purkinije Fibers (Right and Left bundle branches)- continues signal through the ventricles

Question 14

Electocardiography

Answer 14

~A records of the hearts electrical activity
~Cannot predict future cardiac problems
~Only post and present maladies can be seen

Question 15

Balloon Angioplasty; Coronary Bypass

Answer 15

a ballon catheter is placed into a blocked artery, inflated and a medicated stent (spring) is placed in the artery to prevent collapse

Question 16

Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 16

~Nose
	~Nasal Cavity
	~Paranasal Sinuses
	~Pharynx
	~Larynx

Question 17

Functions of the Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 17

~Decreases the weight of the skull
~Increases voice resonance
~Insulates eyes and dental roots from extreme temperature
~Warms and humidifies the air that is inhaled

Question 18

Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Answer 18

~Trachea
~Lungs
~Pleura

Question 19

Types of Atelectasis

Answer 19

~Pneumothorax: air between pleura and ribcage

~Hemothorax: blood between pleura and ribcage

Question 20

COPD (Asthma; Emphysema)

Answer 20

~Emphysema: destruction of the alveolar walls due to cigarette smoking
-Caused by smoking cigarettes
-No EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
~Asthma: Bronchospasm (smooth muscle of the bronchioles)
-Caused by allergies, irritants, exercise, stress
-Treatment: Bronchodilators, steroids (prednisone)

Question 21

Definition of Digestion

Answer 21

The process by which the body breaks down food into its smallest components (amino acids, glucose, fatty acids) through mechanical and chemical means. For the purpose of absorption of these vital nutrients (vitamins, minerals, water as well) and the elimination of waste (feces, urine)

Question 22

Distinguish Primary and Secondary Structures

Answer 22

Primary: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine
Secondary: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas

Question 23

Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach

Answer 23

-Fundus: enlarged portion of the left
-Body: central part
-Pylorus: lower, narrow section that opens into the small intestine (duodenum)
~Pyloric Sphincter- prevents the stomach contents from entering into the duodenum too quickly
~Rugae- folds in the mucosal layer when empty

Question 24

-Anatomy and Physiology of the Small intestine

Answer 24

~Approximately: 20-22 ft long
	~Divided up into 3 sections
		-Duodenum (12fingers)- 1st 9 inches
		-Jejunum (8ft) “empty of food”
	~The Small Intestine is “held together” by the mesentery (connective tissue)

Question 25

-Anatomy and Physiology of the Large intestine

Answer 25

~Approximately: 5 ft long
~Divided up into: Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid, Rectum, Anus
~Undigested plant fiber and unabsorbed food and water enter the cecum through the ILEOCECAL VALVE
~Functions:
-Under the influence of good bacteria
~Further release of nutrients
~Vitamin K Synthesis (Blood Clotting)
~B-Complex vitamin formation
~Water and mineral re-absorption
~Chyme becomes feces
~Excretion of Fecal material: Defecation