Beliefs in Society: Perspectives

Question 1

Defining religion: substantive definition of religion

Answer 1

Weber defines religion as the belief in a superior/supernatural power that cannot be scientifically explained.

Question 2

Defining religion: functional definition of religion

Answer 2

focus on the social and psychological functions of religion. Durkheim looks at how religion helps with social integration. this is inclusive of many practices and beliefs, that doesn’t have to have a belief in a supernatural being.

Question 3

Defining religion: constructionist definition of religion

Answer 3

interpretivist approach: focus on how members define religion. it isn’t possible to create one universal definition of religion. Aldridge states that to Scientology members, it is a religion; however, the government has tried to ban it.

Question 4

Defining religion: AO3

Answer 4

functional and constructionist definitions both consider an internal function for individuals.
Substantive definition is the only definition that considers content.
functional and constructionist definitions both believe there doesn’t need to be a supernatural being.

Question 5

functionalism: Durkheim’s general beliefs

Answer 5

Durkheim noted that something may seem profane to a non-believer, but it can provoke powerful emotions in those who believe. he said symbols were significant, they represent a shared set of beliefs, values, traditions, and norms which make social life possible. these shared practices are defined as a collective conscience.

Question 6

Functionalism: Durkheim’s study on Totemism

Answer 6

society is divided into clans and the members of each clan have duties to each other. each clan has its own totem which symbolises the Aboriginal God and the clan. the clan worship through song and dance. the symbols on each totem have individual meanings specific to that can and their God.

Question 7

Functionalism: what are the 3 functions of Totem?

Answer 7

Collective consciousness: without this, society cannot survive. Durkheim stated regular acts of collective worship are critical in ensuring society survives.
Social solidarity: shared experiences of community. Repeating rituals to unify society’s members. The shared, internalized experiences encourage an awareness that as individuals we are relatively insignificant and dependent.
Individual support: religious beliefs and practices provide individuals with a sense of renewed strength/confidence and enthusiasm to help them.

Question 8

functionalism: Durkheim’s functions of religion for society and the individual.

Answer 8

individual:
motivation to face up to life
society:
unifies members around around individuals
encourages social integration
social solidarity
both:
provides norms
social support based upon a sense of belonging
meanings, traditions, and class consciousness.