Behaviourist Approach Flashcards
What is an unconditioned response?
A natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivation in response to food
What does classical conditioning involve?
Learning through the association of stimuli
Example: Pavlov’s experiments with dogs
Who conducted the key study on classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
His work involved dogs and salivation
What is a conditioned response?
A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
Example: Salivation in response to a bell after conditioning
What does the term ‘stimulus’ refer to in classical conditioning?
Any event or object that elicits a response
Can be unconditioned or conditioned
What is the behaviourist approach in psychology?
A perspective that focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental determinants
Associated with Watson and Rayner
What assumption is made about human behavior in the behaviourist approach?
Humans are born with a blank slate (tabula rasa)
This implies that behavior is learned through experience
What was the Little Albert study?
An experiment demonstrating classical conditioning in humans
Showed that emotional responses could be conditioned
What is one application of classical conditioning in therapy?
Development of treatments for anxiety reduction
Utilizes principles of conditioning to alleviate phobias
What is a strength of classical conditioning studies?
Valid data supporting the theory
Provides empirical evidence for behavior modification
What is a major weakness of classical conditioning studies on animals?
Low ecological validity
Lab settings may not reflect natural behaviors
True or False: Classical conditioning findings from animals can always be generalized to humans.
False
Significant differences exist between species
What ethical concerns arise from the Little Albert study?
Issues related to the rights of the subjects involved
Raised questions about informed consent and psychological harm
Fill in the blank: Classical conditioning is often summarized by the association of _______ and _______.
stimulus and response
What is the main conclusion of Pavlov’s theory?
Behavior can be learned or unlearned through conditioning
Emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior
What is Jambing?
A term related to education or application, but context is unclear
Further explanation may be needed for clarity.
What is the main focus of operant conditioning?
The relationship between behavior and its consequences
Operant conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.
What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Reinforcement can be positive (adding a pleasurable stimulus) or negative (removing an unpleasant stimulus).
What is punishment in operant conditioning?
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated
Punishment can be positive (adding an unpleasant stimulus) or negative (removing a pleasurable stimulus).
Who conducted key studies in operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Skinner’s experiments with rats and pigeons demonstrated learned behavior through reinforcement.
Fill in the blank: _______ is a key study in operant conditioning.
Skinner’s Box
What does learned behavior refer to?
Behavior acquired through experience and reinforcement
Learned behavior can be observed in various contexts, including Skinner’s experiments.
What are some weaknesses of operant conditioning?
May not work for everyone, cannot teach complex concepts
Operant conditioning is a simple approach and may have limitations in certain educational contexts.
What is the significance of consequences in behavior?
They influence whether a behavior will continue or diminish
Consequences can be reinforcing or punishing, shaping future behaviors.
True or False: Operant conditioning can only be applied to animals.
False
While often studied in animals, operant conditioning principles apply to humans as well.
What is a simple preiao?
A term related to education, possibly a misspelling or unclear concept
Further clarification is needed on this term.
What does the term ‘weakness’ refer to in the context of operant conditioning?
Limitations of the method in teaching and applicability
Weaknesses include its inability to teach complex concepts effectively.
