Behaviourist Approach Flashcards

Approaches to psychology

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1
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning

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2
Q

When did behaviourism begin?

A

20th century

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3
Q

How do behaviourists describe a baby’s mind?

A

Blank slate (Watson), written on by experience

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4
Q

What are the two forms of learning?

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
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5
Q

Who researched classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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6
Q

Who researched operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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8
Q

What did Pavlov’s research show?

A

Dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell

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9
Q

What is the formula for classical conditioning?

A

ns
ucs=ucr
ns+ucs=ucr
cs=cr

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10
Q

What is the formula for classical conditioning for Pavlov’s study?

A

ns (bell)= no response
ucs (food)= ucr (salivation)
ns (bell) + ucs (food) = ucr (salivation)
cs (bell) = cr (salivation)

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviour is shaped by its consequences

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12
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A reward for good behaviour

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13
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Avoiding something unpleasant due to good behaviour

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14
Q

What is punishment?

A

An unpleasant consequence of bad behaviour

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15
Q

What did Skinner’s research show?

A

Rats and pigeons can be conditioned to perform the same behaviour to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

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16
Q

What is the formula for operant conditioning?

A

Antecedent > Behaviour > Consequence

17
Q

What is the formula for operant conditioning for Skinner’s study?

A

Light turns on > Rat presses lever > Food stops electric floor

18
Q

What are variable and fixed ratio?

A

Variable= reinforcement delivered randomly, after an average number of responses has occurred
Fixed= reinforcement delivered over a period of time (aware of when reinforcement will be delivered)

19
Q

What is primary and secondary reinforcement?

A

Primary= used to satisfy basic needs
Secondary= reinforced after a primary reinforcement

20
Q

What are the strengths of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Real world application
  • Scientific credibility
21
Q

What are the limitations of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Ignores influence of free will and conscious decision making
  • Ignores the factor of private mental processes
  • Over simplified the learning process- ignore influence of the human thought
22
Q

Who were the behaviourist psychologists?

A

Watson, Skinner, Pavlov

23
Q

Strength-
I= Well-controlled research

A

D= Focus on measurement of observable behaviour in highly controlled lab settings. Breaking down behaviour into basic-stimulus response units allows extraneous variables to be removed, so cause and effect relationships can be established
E= Suggests behaviourist experiments have scientific credibility

24
Q

Limitation-
I= Oversimplified learning process

A

D= By reducing behaviour to such simple concepts, behaviourists ignore the influence of human thought on learning. Other approaches (SLT, cognitive) draw attention to mental processes involved in learning
E= Suggests learning is more complex than observable behaviour, and private mental processes are essential

25
Q

Strength-
I= Conditioning applied to real-world situations

A

D= E.g: token economy systems used in prisons and psychiatric wards demonstrate operant conditioning- reward good behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges. Treatment for phobias used concept of classical conditioning
E= Increases validity of approach as it has widespread application

26
Q

Limitation-
I= Environmental determinism (sees all behaviour as conditioned by past conditions experiences)

A

D= Skinners suggests everything we do is the sum total of our reinforcement history. Our past conditioning history determines the outcome of our lives. This ignores the influence of free will
E= Ignores influence of conscious-decision making processes on behaviour

27
Q

Ethical issues

A

Strength-
- No ethical guidelines against using animals in studies at the time of research. Animal studies revolutionised psychology and research has many practical benefits

Limitation-
- Animals in studies kept for long periods of time, in uncomfortable and cramped conditions. In modern psychology, research that causes distress to animals is against ethical guidelines so is subject to a cost-benefit analysis

28
Q

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • Study observable and measurable behaviours
  • Watson rejects introspection
  • Lab studies used to achieve control and objectivity of research
  • All behaviour is learned
  • Baby’s mind= ‘blank slate’, written on by experience
  • Animals replace humans as experimental subjects
  • 2 forms of learning: classical and operant conditioning