behavioural/ learning approach Flashcards
learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in knowledge and/or behavior that results from experience
(Powell et al., 2017)
learning explanation
- Involves change
- Positive and negative
- Tends to be long lasting
- Affects actual and potential behaviour
- Results from direct and indirect experience
behaviourist approach to learning
observable and measurable/ learning’s a function of experience/ stimulus response approach
Pavlovian classical conditioning
simple form of learning/ conditioned response linked to an unconditioned stimulus
introduction to essay Q1
Personality development is multifaceted.
Learning experiences play a pivotal role.
The essay critically examines the assertion about personality and learning experiences.
Focus on two learning theories: Behaviorism and Classical Conditioning.
Behaviorism (Theory) ESSAY Q1
B.F. Skinner’s perspective.
Behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment.
Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors; negative reinforcement diminishes them.
Personality molded by consequences.
Behaviorism (Eval) ESSAY Q1
Valuable, criticized for oversimplification.
Neglects cognitive processes, individual differences.
classical Conditioning ESSAY Q1
Pavlov’s theory.
Behaviors via stimulus association.
Personality traits through stimulus-emotion links
Classical Conditioning (Eval) ESSAY Q1
Highlights stimulus-response.
May oversimplify emotions, behaviors.
Neglects cognition, individual differences.
Application ESSAY Q1
Informs education, therapy, psychology.
Behaviorism in behavior modification.
Classical conditioning in exposure therapy
Conclusion ESSAY Q1
Personality as sum of experiences.
Acknowledges complexity.
Considers genetics, cognition, differences.
references for ESSAY Q1
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About Behaviorism.
Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex.
Domjan, M. (2018). The Principles of Learning and Behavior.
Watson & Rayner, 1920
Intro ESSAY Q2
Overview of learning theories and personality.
Focus on examining contributions.
Behaviorism Contribution ESSAY Q2
B.F. Skinner’s role in understanding personality.
Emphasis on reinforcement, punishment, and learned behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Contribution ESSAY Q2
Ivan Pavlov’s contribution to personality understanding.
Focus on stimulus-response associations and learned emotional responses.
Integration of Learning Theories ESSAY Q2
Discussion on how behaviorism and classical conditioning complement each other.
Enhanced understanding of personality through combined insights.
Limitations and Criticisms ESSAY Q2
Acknowledgment of criticisms and limitations of relying solely on learning theories.
Discussion on the need for a broader approach
Real-world Applications ESSAY Q2
Application of learning theories in therapy, education, etc.
Illustration of how these theories inform interventions.
Conclusion ESSAY Q2
Summarization of contributions of learning theories to understanding personality.
Emphasis on the importance of integrating multiple perspectives.
Criticisms and Controversies of skinners theories
Oversimplification of personality.
Neglect of internal factors.
Controversies surrounding Skinner’s theories.
Introduction & Focus ESSAY Q4
Skinner’s rejection of inner forces in personality.
Examination of key elements central to learning.
Skinner’s Rejection of Inner Forces ESSAY Q4
Explanation of Skinner’s rejection.
Emphasis on external factors and observable behaviors.
Skinners Key Elements of Learning ESSAY Q4
Analysis of operant conditioning.
Discussion of reinforcement and punishment.
Skinners behaviour Modification Techniques ESSAY Q4
Application of Skinner’s key elements.
Real-world examples in therapeutic settings.
Implications for Personality Development(skinner) ESSAY Q4
Discussion on how Skinner’s elements shape personality.
Emphasis on environmental consequences
Comparison with Inner Forces Perspective ESSAY Q4
Briefly comparing Skinner’s perspective with theories emphasizing inner forces.
Highlighting the contrast in perspectives.
Limitations and Criticisms od skinners theory ESSAY Q4
Acknowledgment of criticisms related to oversimplification.
Discussion on ongoing debates surrounding Skinner’s rejection of inner forces.
Bandura’s Model of Learning ESSAY Q5
Bandura’s social learning theory.
Emphasis on the connection between learning and personality development.
Role of Observational Learning
ESSAY Q5
Individuals learn behaviors by observing others.
Influence of role models on personality.
Self-Efficacy (Bandura’s concept) ESSAY Q5
Bandura’s concept: belief in one’s abilities.
Impact on shaping personality traits.
Reciprocal Determinism(Bandura) ESSAY Q5
Interaction between personal factors, environment, and behavior.
Dynamic influence on personality development.
Applications in Real-world Scenarios of Bandura’s learning model
Used in therapy, education, and interventions.
Practical implications for understanding personality.
Used in modifying undesirable behaviors.
The concept of self-efficacy- Bandura’s model of learning
The concept of self-efficacy is also significant in educational settings, as students who believe in their abilities are more likely to persevere and succeed.
Comparisons with Other Theories of Bandura’s theory ESSAY Q5
Distinctive features compared to other learning theories.
Bandura’s focus on cognitive processes and social interactions.
Limitations of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
neglects Emotional Factors/ Overemphasis on Observation/Neglects Emotional Factors/self-efficacy is challenging to measure
Expectancy Theory (Rotter)
Emphasized the role of individual expectations and beliefs.
Influence on Personality Understanding ( bandura)
External factors, social interactions.
Influence on Personality Understanding ( rotter)
Importance of personal beliefs and expectations.
Applications
applications of rotters theory
Rotter’s expectancy theory used in understanding motivation and decision-making.
rotters impact on Behavioral Psychology
influenced the shift from strict behaviorism to cognitive-behavioral approaches.
Critiques of rotters theory
Faced criticism in measuring internal cognitive factors due to their complexity.
Locus of Control - rotters theory
Introduced the concept of external and internal locus of control, influencing behavior.
Julian Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
Emphasizes the role of individual expectations and beliefs, where behavior is influenced by anticipating outcomes.
John B. Watson and Behaviorism
Founded behaviorism, rejecting introspection and focusing solely on observable behaviors.
John B. Watson and Little Albert Experiment
Famous for the “Little Albert” experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning and fear acquisition.
John B. Watson and Environmental Determinism
Believed behavior is determined by external factors and experiences.
Limitations: Criticized for oversimplification, neglecting internal processes and emotions.
references for bandura
Kalat, J. W. (2019). Introduction to Psychology. Cengage Learning.
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social Learning Theory and Its Social Psychological Applications.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory.
Social Learning Theory (Julian Rotter)
Theory Overview:
concept of locus of control- individuals’ perception of the control they have over events in their lives.
2 types: (self-control) and externals (controlled by external forces).
Social Learning Theory (Julian Rotter, 1966)
Theory Overview:
concept of locus of control- individuals’ perception of the control they have over events in their lives.
2 types: (self-control) and externals (controlled by external forces).
Social learning theory ( Julian Rotter, 1966)
Evaluations: strengths:
Provides insight into individual differences in behavior and personality/ Applicable to various life domains, including academic and occupational settings/ grows self confidence
Social learning theory ( Julian Rotter, 1966)
Evaluations: limitations:
This theory oversimplifies the complexities of different personality traits/ doesn’t fully account for environmental changed that may affect an individual’s locus of control
Social learning theory ( Julian Rotter, 1966)
Evaluations: Applications:
Personal development/ self confidence: enhances self control allowing individuals to get confident in their decisions and goals and work ethic by working to achieve their goals/ leadership and management: understanding employees locus of control can help in assigning tasks and giving affective feedback.
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura, 1977)
Theory:
Theory:
Emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling, integrating cognitive factors like attention and retention/ Key concept: Reciprocal determinism- interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura, 1977)
Evaluation: strengths:
Highlights importance of social influence and cognitive processes in learning/ accounts for observational learning and self regulation, providing a more holistic view of personality development
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura, 1977)
Evaluation: limitations:
Disregards biological factors and innate predispositions/ relies on internal cognitive processes that are difficult to measure unlike behaviours which can be seen and thus measured.
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura, 1977)
Evaluation: applications:
Educational settings: encourages the use of role models to reinforce positive desirable behaviours bu observing others behaviours/ self-efficiency in educational achievements through effort and persistence in tasks
Therapies: cognitive behavioural therapy to shape thoughts and behaviours through modelling.
Operant conditioning (B.F.Skinner, 1938)
Theory:
Personality is a collection of operant behaviours/ Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences, which can include reinforcements (positive or negative) and punishments/ Emphasizes the environment’s role in shaping behavior through reinforcement schedules.
Operant conditioning (B.F.Skinner, 1938)
Evaluation: strengths:
Offers a comprehensive model for understanding the modification of voluntary behaviours/ practical applications in behaviour modification programs and institutional/ educational settings
Operant conditioning (B.F.Skinner, 1938)
Evaluation: limitations:
Oversimplifies human behaviour by disregarding internal mental processes and motivations/ ethical considerations of the use of punishments
Operant conditioning (B.F.Skinner, 1938)
Applications:
Token Economy Programs - use tokens( points, stickers) as a way to exchange rewards, encouraging positive behaviours and reinforcing desirable behaviours/ Behaviour Modification Programs - use principles of operant conditioning to shape behaviours bu reinforcing desirable behaviours and discouraging unwanted behaviours through punishments
