Behavioural Influences Flashcards
What are 5 effects of behaviour on attitudes?
Self-Perception, Role-playing, behavioural exploration, cognitive dissonance and hypocrisy
What is behavioural exploration
Ways in which people learn attitudes from direct experience
How did Regan and Fazio demonstrate behavioural exploration?
Asked participants to learn about 5 new puzzles. One group played with them for 20 minutes (direct exp) and the other group read the instructions.
Reported attitudes and left to play with the puzzles
The direct exp group reported attitudes that were good predictors of time spent playing
Instruction group reported attitudes that were weak predictors of time spent playing
How did Fazio et al demonstrate behavioural exploration in a video game?
‘Beanfest’ where ptps had to find good beans and avoid bad beans
Player would learn to like and frequently visit areas where good beans were
Would have bad attitudes towards new beans that looked similar to already existing bad beans
Ptps overall feelings on experience depended on how many bad beans they encountered
What is weighting bias?
How quickly we make a decision toward an attitude object based on negative info more than positive info
What individual difference influences weighting bias?
Whether people approach or avoid stimulus which is based on if they have a positive or negative bias.
Positive bias = approach = gain more info
Negative bias = avoid = generalise more
How did Janis and Mann demonstrate the effect of role-playing on smoking attitudes?
Smokers who had to role play as someone who has lung cancer reported more negative attitudes towards smoking than those that just observed
How did Janis and King demonstrate the effect of role-playing on debates?
Those that had to argue in favour of a stance were more in favour of that stance
What is the reason for role-playing having such an effect on attitudes according to janis and king?
Search in memory to find info that supports their role
Leads to explore more arguments towards that position and ignore contradicting info
Could base subsequent attitudes on this
What is self-perception
When attitudes are weak, ambiguous or uninterpretable, you may base that attitude on your previous behaviour as would an outside observer
How has self-perception inspired the way we reward and teach children?
If you reward a child for some behaviours, they may infer that they actually dislike the behaviour. In particular for behaviours they already ‘like’ - make’s behaviour less likable on its own rather than for the reward = overjustification effect
How can self-perception be applied to consumer decisions according to Ge et al
Products that were hidden rather than immediately accessible were rated more positively because the consumer had to make an effort to find them
What frequency vocabulary is often used to measure how likely someone will engage in a behaviour
Never, Rarely, Occasionally, Sometimes, Frequently, Always
How did Salancik and Conway demonstrate self-perception using the frequency vocabulary?
Participants received one of two types of religious questionnaires; pro or anti-religious behaviour salient and items included either;
Pro-Religious items = used frequenty/always
Anti-Religious items = used never/rarely
What was the result of Salancik and Conway’s study on pro/anti-religious attitudes
They would infer their attitude based on how frequently they engaged in religious behaviour
Those in the anti-religious behaviour salient condition had more negative attitudes than the other condition
How did Chaiken and Baldwin add to Salancik and Conway’s study?
They looked at what moderates the self-perception effect by seeing if it depended on weak/ambiguous attitudes (attitude strength)
What were examples of the pro/anti-eco behaviour salient items in Chaiken and Baldwin’s study?
Anti: I occasionally pick up litter/I frequently leave the lights on
Pro: I frequently pick up litter/I occasionally leave the lights on
What were the results of Chaiken and Baldwin’s study?
Main effect of Pro and Anti-salience condition
Moderated by strength of prior attitude; Those with weak attitudes showed a great difference between the two conditions
What did Albaraccin and Wyer find about the effects of just imagining doing a behaviour on attitudes?
It had the same effect
What is vicarious self-perception?
When we can infer our attitudes when we see someone else performing a behaviour
When does vicarious self-perception occur
- When we believe the person freely chose to perform the behaviour
AND - We perceive we have a shared identity with the person performing the behaviour
How did Goldstein and Cialdini demonstrate vicarious self-perception?
Ptps were manipulated to feel they had shared identity with the person being observed (asked to imagine being interviewee in a transcript/shared brainwaves)
Read that the interviewee helped someone before the interview/helped the researcher
Ptps reported their own attributes
Result: reported attributes similar to the behaviour observed/helped researcher with extra surveys
What is the opposite of dissonance?
Consonance
What does the amount of cognitive dissonance depend on?
How important the attitude/topic is to you
