Behavioral Theories

Question 1

Do sociological explanations locate the causes of crime inside or outside the individual?

Answer 1

Outside

Question 2

What did Sheldon believe regarding criminality.

Answer 2

That your body shape affects your personality and the type of crime you commit. (Somatology)

Question 3

Sheldon’s beliefs in somatology had the same flaws as Lombroso due to what?

Answer 3

They only looked at small sample sizes to draw generalized conclusions.

Question 4

Were the early biological theories weak?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Who was known for their theory of somatology?

Answer 5

Sheldon (1898-1977)

Question 6

Shat was the three body types Sheldon looped people in?

Answer 6

Endomorphs, Mesomorphs and Ectomorphs

Question 7

Describe Ectomorphs according to Sheldon

Answer 7

Thin, extroverted and sensitive

Question 8

Describe Mesomorphs according to Sheldon

Answer 8

Athletic, Muscular and Aggressive - apt to commit violent and other crimes.

Question 9

Describe Endomorphs according to Sheldon

Answer 9

Heavy with short arms/legs - relaxed, extroverted, relatively non-criminal.

Question 10

Who body morphology did Sheldon find delinquents mostly had?

Answer 10

Mesomorphic morphology

Question 11

Who conducted the first study of family transmission of crime?

Answer 11

Richard Dugdale (1877)

Question 12

In the biological theory on crime, what was crime considered analogous to?

Answer 12

To disease and illness

Question 13

What family did Richard Dugdale study regarding the family transmission of crime?

Answer 13

A rural New York family named Jukes

Question 14

What was the issue with Dugdale’s study on the Jukes family?

Answer 14

He had no control group, therefore couldn’t determine whether Jukes’ level of criminality was higher than other families.

Question 15

True or false: Those who favoured ‘nature’ over of ‘nuture’ saw the individual’s behavioral attributes as being a result of the environment.

Answer 15

False. Those who favored ‘nature’ saw the individual’s behavior as being attributed to inherited predispositions and genetic influences.

Question 16

Regarding the “Nature vs Nurture” question, what consensus was reached?

Answer 16

That the truth lies somewhere in between - a nature plus nuture perspective

Question 17

What perspective had dominated fields like criminology for decades? Nature or Nuture

Answer 17

The Nuture perspective

Question 18

Is there a link between IQ and Crime?

Answer 18

Yes, where children with conduct disorders tend to have lower IQ scores than non deviant controls.

Question 19

Is a low IQ inherently criminogenic?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

Were definitive conclusions drawn from twin studies regarding aggressiveness or criminal behavior?

Answer 20

No, because no consistent pattern of genetic influence emerged.

Question 21

Give another type of study besides twin ones that believe heredity would play a role in criminality.

Answer 21

Adoption studies

Question 22

What chromosome abnormality is associated with higher crime?

Answer 22

XYY men, however the abnormality is rare

Question 23

Which hormone was considered to have correlation with aggression and criminality?

Answer 23

Testosterone

Question 24

During which time of a woman’s cycle was associated with a higher chance of committing crime?

Answer 24

The eighth day period immediately preceding and during menstruation

Question 25

Who argued postpartum influence is related to crime?

Answer 25

Robin Ogle and colleagues (1995)