Behavioral Sciences Flashcards
T/F: Rods make up the vast majority of the photoreceptor cells in the eye. Basically rods > cones
TRUE
What is the visual pigment of rods?
Rhodopsin - highly sensitive to light
T/F: Rods primarily contribute to scotopic vision.
TRUE
Rhodopsin is highly sensitive to light, which thus is main contributor to vision at NIGHT (scotopic!)
As a part of a medical procedure, an ophthalmologist injects a small amount of air into a patient’s right eye. The patient is then instructed to lay down on their left side shifting the air bubble to the right (temporal) side of the right eye. Based on the position of the air bubble, it would most likely cause a visual distortion in the patient’s ____ visual field.
LEFT
The temporal retina of the right eye captures light from the left visual field.
The left eye captures light from the right visual field.
Where are the parvocellular neurons located? How good is its spatial and temporal resolution? What kind of objects does it pick up?
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
high spatial, low temporal
stationary objects (notices small, colorful aspects)
Where are the magnocellular neurons located? How good is its spatial and temporal resolution? What kind of objects does it pick up?
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
low spatial, high temporal
moving objects (picks up shape and color but not minute details, keen on picking up object SPEED)
What is the medial geniculate nucleus responsible for? Where is it located?
relaying AUDITORY info to cortex
thalamus
T/F: There is low density of cones in the macula.
FALSE
HIGH concentration of cones in the central part of the macula (macula with the fovea)
Fovea ONLY has cones!!
List out the WHOLE visual pathway, from light entering to the eye to the occipital lobe receiving the information
light → cornea → aqueous humor → pupil/iris → lens (cilliary muscles around it) → vitreous humor → retina (rods/cones →horizontal cells→ bipolar cells →amacrine cells→ ganglion cells)
ganglion cells converge together = optic nerve → optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) → occipital lobe (primary visual cortex)
What are opsins? What kind of opsins do cones have? Rods?
DEF: convert photons of light → electrical signals at retina
Cones = PHOTOpsins Rods = RHODopsins
Where is the cornea located? Fxn?
Transparent, outermost surface of eye
protect eye from foreign substances (ie. dust)
What muscle plays a major role in focusing light on the retina?
cilliary muscles (around lens!)
During a vision test, the physician notes that the patient is not able to detect objects in their left visual field. Which of the following could be a possible cause?
a) a pituitary gland tumor pressing on the optic chiasma
b) blood clot blocking cerebral artery supplying left occipital lobe
c) stroke in posterior position of right cerebral hemisphere
d) retinal damage in the left eye
C
LVF is processed by the right occipital lobe, which is located at the posterior aspect of the right hemisphere
As a part of a medical procedure, an ophthalmologist injects a small amount of air into a patient’s right eye. While the patient is staying upright, the air bubble rises to the top of eyeball resulting in a distortion of the patient’s visual field. The visual distortion is in the patient’s ____ visual field
bottom
the TOP portion of the retina (in BOTH eyes) captures light from the BOTTOM visual field! (and vice versa!!!)
Which layer of the retina are bipolar cells located in? Fxn?
inner nuclear layer
connect info from several cones or multiple rods → simplifies info into gradient → send to amacrine and then ganglion
Which layer of the retina are horizontal cells located in? Fxn?
outer nuclear layer (along with the rods and cones)
allows lateral communication between the rods and cones → send signal to BIPOLAR cells
Picks up the more nuanced “edges” of the picture
Which layer of the retina are amacrine cells located in? Fxn?
inner nuclear layer
receives info from BIPOLAR cells → allows lateral communication between ganglion cells (connects bipolar and ganglion TOGETHER!)
What is the optic chiasm? What is its immediate downstream target?
the left and right nasal optic nerves crossover
LGN
temporal visual field
visual field closest to ear
nasal visual field
visual field closest to nose
T/F: The right eye nasal visual field and the left eye temporal visual field looks at the same part of the world
TRUE
The converse is also true, where the left eye nasal visual field and the right eye temporal visual field looks at the same part of the world
What are binocular neurons? Where are they located?
make depth perception (3D shit) possible by comparing info received from both hemispheres
occipital lobe
parallel processing
the process where the brain processes and interprets incoming visual info of differing quality simultaneously
What is the foot-in-the-door technique? Is it behavior influencing attitude or the other way around?
making a larger request after someone agrees to a smaller one
Ie. email to subscribe to newsletter → regularly sends out mail
Example of behavior influencing attitude because agreeing to a smaller request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a larger one