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Behavioral Science > Behavioral Science Chapters 4-6 > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Chapters 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

Looks at how our brains process and react to information

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2
Q

Information processing model

A

Analogy of cognition to computer. Information must be encoded, stored and retrieved when needed

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3
Q

Information processing model 4 Pillars

A

1) Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
2) Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making
3) Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve
new problems
4) Problem-solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but
also on the context and complexity of the problem

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4
Q

Situational modification

A

Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve
new problems

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5
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan

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6
Q

Development of abstract thinking is dependent upon…

A

Increases in working memory and mental capacities

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7
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development driving assumption

A

There are qualitative differences between the way that

children and adults think

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8
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development flow between stages

A

Continuous and sequential process in which completion of each stage prepares the individual for the stage that follows

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9
Q

Schema

A

Can include a concept, a behavior or a sequence of events

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10
Q

Assimilation in schema

A

process of classifying new information into

existing schemata

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11
Q

Accommodation in schema

A

process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information (In the case where the new information does not fit neatly into existing schemata)

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12
Q

Adaptation in information processing

A

New information is processed via adaptation.

Divided into assimilation and accommodation

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13
Q

4 Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive development

A

1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational

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14
Q

Sensorimotor stage duration

A

From birth to about 2 years of age

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15
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance

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16
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

manipulation is focused on something outside the body, such as repeatedly throwing toys from a high chair

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17
Q

key milestone that ends the Sensorimotor stage is…

A

Development of object permanence

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18
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

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19
Q

Object permanence marks the beginning of…

A

Representational thought

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20
Q

Representational thought

A

Child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events

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21
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

The ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an

imagination

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22
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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23
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand the concept of conservation

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24
Q

Conservation concept

A

Inability to distinguish between two similar objects that are divided into different quantities (ex: two identical pizzas, one divided into 2 and the other into 4)

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25
Preoperational stage duration
2-7 years
26
Preoperational stage characteristics
symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
27
Concrete operational stage duration
7-11 years
28
Concrete operational stage characteristics
1) Understand conservation 2) Consider the perspectives of others 3) Able to engage in logical thought as long as they are working with concrete objects or information that is directly available 4) Not able to think abstractly
29
Formal operational stage duration
11 years to adolescence
30
Formal operational stage characteristics
Ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem-solve | Pendulum experiment
31
Lev Vygotsky in cognition and culture
Engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, and language
32
Fluid intelligence
Problem-solving skills
33
Crystallized intelligence
Use of learned skills and knowledge
34
Fluid intelligence peak during...
Early adulthood but declines with age
35
Crystallized intelligence peak during...
Middle adulthood but declines with age
36
2 types of intelligence
1) Fluid intelligence | 2) Crystallized intelligence
37
Activities of daily living (5)
1) Eating 2) Bathing 3) Toileting 4) Dressing 5) Ambulation
38
Decline in intellectual abilities in adulthood has been linked with...
How long an older adult retains the ability to function in activities of daily living
39
Characteristics that are protective against intellectual | decline are...(4)
1) Higher level of education 2) Frequent performance of intellectual activities 3) Socialization 4) Stimulating environment
40
Dementia progression
Begins with impaired memory, but later progresses to impaired judgment and confusion as well as personality changes
41
The most common cause of dementia is...
Alzheimer’s disease
42
Vascular (multi-infarct) dementia is caused by...
High blood pressure and repeated microscopic clots in the brain
43
Delirium
Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (nonpsychological) causes
44
Mental set
The tendency to approach similar problems in the same | way
45
Steps in problem-solving
1) Frame the problem 2) Generate potential solutions and begin to test them 3) Evaluate the results and considering other potential solutions
46
Duncker’s candle problem
Problem-solving can be impeded by an inappropriate mental set, as well as by functional fixedness. Try to mount candle to wall with tacs, match box without wax dropping to floor
47
Functional fixedness
The inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
48
Types of problem-solving (4)
1) Trial-and-error 2) Algorithms 3) Deductive reasoning 4) Inductive reasoning
49
Trial-and-error
Less sophisticated; Various solutions are tried until one is found. Only effective when there are relatively few possible solutions
50
Algorithm
Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem
51
Deductive reasoning also known as...
Top-down reasoning
52
Deductive (top-down) reasoning
Starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given to obtain the single possible solution to the problem The solution MUST BE TRUE based on the given information
53
Inductive reasoning also known as...
Bottom-up reasoning
54
Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
Create a theory via generalizations. Starts with specific instances, and then draws a conclusion from them
55
Tools used to speed up or simplify the process of problem-solving (4)
1) Heuristics 2) Biases 3) Intuition 4) Emotions
56
Downfall of the tools used to speed up or simplify the process of problem-solving
Can lead us to shortsighted or problematic solutions
57
Heuristics
Simplified principles used to make decisions
58
Availability heuristic
Used when we try to decide how likely something is. | When used we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
59
Rules of thumb
Simplified principles we use in heuristics
60
Representativeness heuristic
Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
61
Base rate fallacy
Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
62
Types of heuristics (2)
1) Availability heuristic | 2) Representative heuristic
63
Disconfirmation principle
Evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work
64
Confirmation bias
Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them
65
Overconfidence
Tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
66
Belief perseverence
Inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
67
Intuition
Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported | by available evidence. Developed by experience
68
Recognition-primed decision model
Sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern
69
Emotion
Subjective experience of a person in a certain situation Emotions in decision-making are not limited to the emotion experienced while the decision is being made
70
Multiple intelligences
All-encompassing definition with 7 types of intelligence
71
Multiple intelligence 7 types
1) Linguistic, 2) Logical–mathematical 3) Musical 4) Visual–spatial 5) Bodily–kinesthetic 6) Interpersonal 7) Intrapersonal
72
Multiple intelligences theory created by...
Howard Gardner
73
Which types of intelligence are most valued by Western culture according to Gardner?
1) Linguistic, | 2) Logical–mathematical
74
Alfred Binet
Created the IQ test
75
Stanford–Binet IQ test
IQ = (mental age/chronological age) × 100
76
Consciousness
One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within that world
77
Accepted states of consciousness (4)
1) Alertness 2) Sleep 3) Dreaming 4) Altered states of consciousness
78
Alertness
State of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think.
79
What functions can we do while alert?
We can perceive, process, access information, and express that information verbally. Experience a certain level of physiological arousal
80
Beta waves during sleep
High frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration. Occur due to random neuron firing
81
Alpha waves during sleep
Occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed. Slower and more syncronized than beta waves
82
Theta waves during sleep
Occur as soon as you dose off and enter stage 1 of sleep
83
Stage 2 of sleep
Theta waves along with sleep spindles and K complexes
84
Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
Stages 3 and 4, delta waves difficult to rouse someone from sleep.
85
Delta waves during sleep
Low-frequency, high-voltage sleep waves
86
Slow-wave sleep (SWS) are associated with...
Cognitive recovery and memory consolidation, as well as increased growth hormone release
87
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Stages 1-4
88
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but the | muscles are paralyzed. Happens in between cycles.
89
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is also known as...
Paradoxical sleep
90
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with...
Dreaming and memory consolidation
91
Activation–synthesis theory
Dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
92
Problem-solving dream theory
Dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping
93
Cognitive process dream theory
Dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness
94
Neurocognitive models of dreaming
Seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes
95
Sleep disorders are divided into two categories
1) Dyssomnias | 2) Parasomnias
96
Dyssomnias
Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
97
Dyssomnias disorders (3)
1) Insomnia 2) Narcolepsy 3) Sleep apnea
98
Parasomnias
Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
99
Parasomnias disorders (2)
1) Night terrors | 2) Sleepwalking
100
Most sleep disorders occur during...
NREM sleep
101
Insomnia
Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Most common sleep disorder
102
Insomnia is associated with...(4)
1) Anxiety 2) Depression 3) Medications 4) Disruption of sleep cycles and circadian rhythms
103
Narcolepsy
Condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
104
Cataplexy
Loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours, usually caused by an emotional trigger
105
Sleep paralysis
Sensation of being unable to move despite being | awake
106
Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations
Hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening
107
Narcolepsy symptoms include...(3)
1) Cataplexy 2) Sleep paralysis 3) Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations
108
Sleep apnea
Inability to breathe during sleep
109
Night terrors
Most common in children, are periods of intense | anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep. Occur during SWS (Slow-wave sleep)
110
Sleepwalking also known as...
Somnambulism
111
REM rebound
An earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep | compared to normal. Associated with sleep deprivation

Behavioral Science (4 decks)

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