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Behavioral Science > Behavioral Science Chapters 4-6 > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Chapters 4-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

Looks at how our brains process and react to information

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2
Q

Information processing model

A

Analogy of cognition to computer. Information must be encoded, stored and retrieved when needed

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3
Q

Information processing model 4 Pillars

A

1) Thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
2) Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain to be useful in decision-making
3) Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve
new problems
4) Problem-solving is dependent not only on the person’s cognitive level, but
also on the context and complexity of the problem

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4
Q

Situational modification

A

Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve
new problems

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5
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan

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6
Q

Development of abstract thinking is dependent upon…

A

Increases in working memory and mental capacities

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7
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development driving assumption

A

There are qualitative differences between the way that

children and adults think

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8
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development flow between stages

A

Continuous and sequential process in which completion of each stage prepares the individual for the stage that follows

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9
Q

Schema

A

Can include a concept, a behavior or a sequence of events

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10
Q

Assimilation in schema

A

process of classifying new information into

existing schemata

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11
Q

Accommodation in schema

A

process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information (In the case where the new information does not fit neatly into existing schemata)

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12
Q

Adaptation in information processing

A

New information is processed via adaptation.

Divided into assimilation and accommodation

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13
Q

4 Stages of Piaget’s Cognitive development

A

1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete operational
4) Formal operational

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14
Q

Sensorimotor stage duration

A

From birth to about 2 years of age

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15
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by chance

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16
Q

Secondary circular reactions

A

manipulation is focused on something outside the body, such as repeatedly throwing toys from a high chair

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17
Q

key milestone that ends the Sensorimotor stage is…

A

Development of object permanence

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18
Q

Object permanence

A

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

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19
Q

Object permanence marks the beginning of…

A

Representational thought

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20
Q

Representational thought

A

Child has begun to create mental representations of external objects and events

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21
Q

Symbolic thinking

A

The ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an

imagination

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22
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to imagine what another person may think or feel

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23
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to understand the concept of conservation

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24
Q

Conservation concept

A

Inability to distinguish between two similar objects that are divided into different quantities (ex: two identical pizzas, one divided into 2 and the other into 4)

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25
Q

Preoperational stage duration

A

2-7 years

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26
Q

Preoperational stage characteristics

A

symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration

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27
Q

Concrete operational stage duration

A

7-11 years

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28
Q

Concrete operational stage characteristics

A

1) Understand conservation
2) Consider the perspectives of others
3) Able to engage in logical thought as long as they
are working with concrete objects or information that is directly available
4) Not able to think abstractly

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29
Q

Formal operational stage duration

A

11 years to adolescence

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30
Q

Formal operational stage characteristics

A

Ability to reason about abstract concepts and problem-solve

Pendulum experiment

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31
Q

Lev Vygotsky in cognition and culture

A

Engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his or her culture, including interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, and language

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32
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Problem-solving skills

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33
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Use of learned skills and knowledge

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34
Q

Fluid intelligence peak during…

A

Early adulthood but declines with age

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35
Q

Crystallized intelligence peak during…

A

Middle adulthood but declines with age

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36
Q

2 types of intelligence

A

1) Fluid intelligence

2) Crystallized intelligence

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37
Q

Activities of daily living (5)

A

1) Eating
2) Bathing
3) Toileting
4) Dressing
5) Ambulation

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38
Q

Decline in intellectual abilities in adulthood has been linked with…

A

How long an older adult retains the ability to function in activities of daily living

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39
Q

Characteristics that are protective against intellectual

decline are…(4)

A

1) Higher level of education
2) Frequent performance of intellectual activities
3) Socialization
4) Stimulating environment

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40
Q

Dementia progression

A

Begins with impaired memory, but later progresses to impaired judgment and confusion as well as personality changes

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41
Q

The most common cause of dementia is…

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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42
Q

Vascular (multi-infarct) dementia is caused by…

A

High blood pressure and repeated microscopic clots in the brain

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43
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (nonpsychological) causes

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44
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency to approach similar problems in the same

way

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45
Q

Steps in problem-solving

A

1) Frame the problem
2) Generate potential solutions and begin to test them
3) Evaluate the results and considering other
potential solutions

46
Q

Duncker’s candle problem

A

Problem-solving can be impeded by an inappropriate mental set, as well as by functional fixedness.
Try to mount candle to wall with tacs, match box without wax dropping to floor

47
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

48
Q

Types of problem-solving (4)

A

1) Trial-and-error
2) Algorithms
3) Deductive reasoning
4) Inductive reasoning

49
Q

Trial-and-error

A

Less sophisticated; Various solutions are tried until one is found.
Only effective when there are relatively few possible solutions

50
Q

Algorithm

A

Formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem

51
Q

Deductive reasoning also known as…

A

Top-down reasoning

52
Q

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

A

Starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given to obtain the single possible solution to the problem
The solution MUST BE TRUE based on the given information

53
Q

Inductive reasoning also known as…

A

Bottom-up reasoning

54
Q

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

A

Create a theory via generalizations. Starts with specific instances, and then draws a conclusion from them

55
Q

Tools used to speed up or simplify the process of problem-solving (4)

A

1) Heuristics
2) Biases
3) Intuition
4) Emotions

56
Q

Downfall of the tools used to speed up or simplify the process of problem-solving

A

Can lead us to shortsighted or problematic solutions

57
Q

Heuristics

A

Simplified principles used to make decisions

58
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Used when we try to decide how likely something is.

When used we make our decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined

59
Q

Rules of thumb

A

Simplified principles we use in heuristics

60
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category

61
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

62
Q

Types of heuristics (2)

A

1) Availability heuristic

2) Representative heuristic

63
Q

Disconfirmation principle

A

Evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not work

64
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them

65
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to erroneously interpret one’s decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible

66
Q

Belief perseverence

A

Inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

67
Q

Intuition

A

Ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported

by available evidence. Developed by experience

68
Q

Recognition-primed decision model

A

Sorting through a wide variety of information to match a pattern

69
Q

Emotion

A

Subjective experience of a person in a certain situation
Emotions in decision-making are not limited to the
emotion experienced while the decision is being made

70
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

All-encompassing definition with 7 types of intelligence

71
Q

Multiple intelligence 7 types

A

1) Linguistic,
2) Logical–mathematical
3) Musical
4) Visual–spatial
5) Bodily–kinesthetic
6) Interpersonal
7) Intrapersonal

72
Q

Multiple intelligences theory created by…

A

Howard Gardner

73
Q

Which types of intelligence are most valued by Western culture according to Gardner?

A

1) Linguistic,

2) Logical–mathematical

74
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Created the IQ test

75
Q

Stanford–Binet IQ test

A

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) × 100

76
Q

Consciousness

A

One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence within that world

77
Q

Accepted states of consciousness (4)

A

1) Alertness
2) Sleep
3) Dreaming
4) Altered states of consciousness

78
Q

Alertness

A

State of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think.

79
Q

What functions can we do while alert?

A

We can perceive, process, access information, and express that information verbally. Experience a certain level of physiological arousal

80
Q

Beta waves during sleep

A

High frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration.
Occur due to random neuron firing

81
Q

Alpha waves during sleep

A

Occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed. Slower and more syncronized than beta waves

82
Q

Theta waves during sleep

A

Occur as soon as you dose off and enter stage 1 of sleep

83
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

Theta waves along with sleep spindles and K complexes

84
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

Stages 3 and 4, delta waves difficult to rouse someone from sleep.

85
Q

Delta waves during sleep

A

Low-frequency, high-voltage sleep waves

86
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) are associated with…

A

Cognitive recovery and memory consolidation, as well as increased growth hormone release

87
Q

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

A

Stages 1-4

88
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

Arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but the

muscles are paralyzed. Happens in between cycles.

89
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is also known as…

A

Paradoxical sleep

90
Q

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with…

A

Dreaming and memory consolidation

91
Q

Activation–synthesis theory

A

Dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry

92
Q

Problem-solving dream theory

A

Dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping

93
Q

Cognitive process dream theory

A

Dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of stream-of-consciousness

94
Q

Neurocognitive models of dreaming

A

Seek to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating the subjective, cognitive experience of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

95
Q

Sleep disorders are divided into two categories

A

1) Dyssomnias

2) Parasomnias

96
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

97
Q

Dyssomnias disorders (3)

A

1) Insomnia
2) Narcolepsy
3) Sleep apnea

98
Q

Parasomnias

A

Abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

99
Q

Parasomnias disorders (2)

A

1) Night terrors

2) Sleepwalking

100
Q

Most sleep disorders occur during…

A

NREM sleep

101
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Most common sleep disorder

102
Q

Insomnia is associated with…(4)

A

1) Anxiety
2) Depression
3) Medications
4) Disruption of sleep cycles and circadian rhythms

103
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Condition characterized by lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep

104
Q

Cataplexy

A

Loss of muscle control and sudden intrusion of REM sleep during waking hours, usually caused by an emotional trigger

105
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Sensation of being unable to move despite being

awake

106
Q

Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

A

Hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening

107
Q

Narcolepsy symptoms include…(3)

A

1) Cataplexy
2) Sleep paralysis
3) Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

108
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Inability to breathe during sleep

109
Q

Night terrors

A

Most common in children, are periods of intense

anxiety that occur during slow-wave sleep. Occur during SWS (Slow-wave sleep)

110
Q

Sleepwalking also known as…

A

Somnambulism

111
Q

REM rebound

A

An earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep

compared to normal. Associated with sleep deprivation

Behavioral Science (4 decks)

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