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Behavioral Science > Behavioral Science chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Behavioral Science chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Doctrine of Phrenology (Person and Concept)

A

Franz Gall-Associated development of a trait with growth of its relevant part of the brain

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2
Q

Extirpation/Ablation (Person and Concept)

A

Pierre Flourens-concluded that specific brain regions have specific functions

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3
Q

Father of American Psychology

A

William James-Pushed for importance of studying adaptations of the individual to hi/hers environment

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4
Q

Landmark article on Functionalism (Person and Concept)

A

John Dewey-Argued for studdying the entire organism as a whole

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Correlated pathology with specific brain regions such as speech production from broca’s area

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6
Q

Hermann Von Helmoltz

A

Measured speed of nerve impulses

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

Inferred the existence of synapses

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8
Q

Sensory neurons function

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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9
Q

Sensory neurons are also known as….

A

Afferent Neurons
Afferent neurons ascend in the cord toward
the brain

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10
Q

3 types of neurons in the nervous system

A

1) Sensory Neurons
2) Motor Neurons
3) Interneurons

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11
Q

Motor neurons Function

A

Transmit motor information from the

brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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12
Q

Motor neurons are also known as….

A

Efferent neurons
Efferent neurons Exit the
cord on their way to the rest of the body

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13
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

Use ability of interneurons to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

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14
Q

Which neuron type is most abundant?

A

Interneurons

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15
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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16
Q

What does the CNS consists of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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17
Q

What does PNS consists of?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves and 10 of 12 cranial nerves (exclude olfactory and optic nerves)

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18
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

What are the two divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

Somatic nervous system consists of…

A

sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles-Voluntary

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21
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) generally regulates…

A

heartbeat, respiration,

digestion, and glandular secretions

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22
Q

The main role of the parasympathetic nervous system is…..

A

To conserve energy

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23
Q

Main Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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24
Q

Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous system-“Rest and Digest” (6 main functions)

A

1) Constrict pupils
2) Constrict bronchi
3) Slow Heart beat
4) Stimulate flow of saliva
5) Stimulate peristalsis and secretions
6) Stimulate bile release

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25
Q

Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous system-“Fight or Flight” (10 main functions)

A

1) Dilate pupils
2) Dilate bronchi
3) Inhibit salivation
4) Inhibit peristalsis and secretions
5) Inhibit bladder contractions
6) Accelerate heart beat
7) Stimulate sweating/piloerection
8) Stimulate glucose production and release
9) Stimulate orgasm
10) Secretions of adrenaline and noradrenaline

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26
Q

The human brain can be divided into three basic subdivisions….

A

1) hindbrain
2) midbrain
3) forebrain

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27
Q

The Hindbrain contains…(3)

A

1) Cerebellum
2) Medulla oblongata
3) Reticular Formation

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28
Q

The Midbrain contains…(2)

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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29
Q

The Forebrain contains…(5)

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Limbic system
4) Cerebral Cortex
5) Basal ganglia

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30
Q

The most recent evolutionary development of the human brain is the….

A

Cerebral cortex

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31
Q

The most primitive region of the brain is the….

A

Brainstem (Hindbrain+Midbrain)

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32
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

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33
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

smoothen movement and maintain postural stability

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34
Q

Limbic system function

A

Emotion and memory

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35
Q

Thalamus function

A

Sensory relay station

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36
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hunger and thirst; emotion

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37
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi function

A

Sensorimotor reflexes

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38
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Refined motor movements

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39
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A

Vital functioning (breathing, digestion)

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40
Q

Reticular formation function

A

Arousal and alertness

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41
Q

Limbic system contains…(3)

A

1) Septal Nuclei
2) Amygdala
3) Hippocampus

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42
Q

Septal Nuclei function

A

Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior and addiction

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43
Q

Amygdala function

A

controls fear and aggression

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44
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of limbic system through extension called fornix

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45
Q

4 Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

A

1) Frontal Lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Occipital Lobe
4) Temporal Lobe

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46
Q

Frontal Lobe controls…(5)

A

1) Executive function
2) Impulse control
3) Long-term Planning
4) Motor function
5) Speech production

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47
Q

Parietal Lobe controls…(2)

A

1) sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain

2) Spatial Processing, orientation and manipulation

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48
Q

Occipital Lobe controls…

A

Visual processing

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49
Q

Temporal Lobe controls…(4)

A

1) Sound processing
2) Speech perception
3) Memory
4) Emotion

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50
Q

Family studies

A

look at the relative frequency of a trait within a family

compared to the general population

51
Q

Twin studies

A

compare concordance rates between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.

52
Q

Adoption studies

A

compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similarities with their biological parents

53
Q

Rooting reflex

A

infant turns his or her head toward anything that

brushes the cheek

54
Q

Moro reflex

A

the infant extends the arms, then slowly retracts them

and cries in response to a sensation of falling

55
Q

Babinski reflex

A

the big toe is extended and the other toes fan in

response to the brushing of the sole of the foot

56
Q

Grasping reflex

A

the infant grabs anything put into his or her hand

57
Q

Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers are…

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

58
Q

Dopamine function

A

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

59
Q

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine function

A

act as brain “stabilizers”

60
Q

Glutamate function

A

acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

61
Q

Serotonin function

A

modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, and dreaming

62
Q

Sensation Definition

A

Conversion or transduction,of physical,electromagnetic,
auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the central nervous system

63
Q

Perception Definition

A

processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance.

64
Q

Sensory Ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system

65
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)

66
Q

Hair cells as receptors

A

respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing,rotational and linear acceleration)

67
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

68
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

69
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

70
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

respond to volatile compounds (smell)

71
Q

Taste receptors

A

respond to dissolved compounds (taste)

72
Q

Threshold (perception and sensation)

A

The minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception (a change in signal transduction)

73
Q

3 main types of thresholds

A

1) Absolute threshold
2) Threshold of conscious perception
3) Difference threshold.

74
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulus energy at which a stimulus will be converted into an action potential to activate sensory system
SENSATION NOT PERCEPTION

75
Q

Thresholds can also be called…

A

limina

76
Q

Threshold of conscious perception

A

Minimum stimulus energy to be brought into awareness (perception)

77
Q

Difference threshold also known as…

A

Just-noticeable difference (jnd)

78
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

79
Q

Weber’s law (Threshold)

A

There is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus.

80
Q

Response bias

A

Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors.

81
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Changes in perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (Environmental) context

82
Q

Adaptation

A

Decrease in response to a stimulus over time (Example: Adapting to cold water until it doesn’t feel so cold anymore)

83
Q

Learning

A

The way in which we acquire new behaviors

84
Q

Habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a

decrease in response

85
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response to a stimulus, usually after a
different stimulus has been presented. Note that the term refers to changes in response to the original stimulus, not the new one.

86
Q

2 Types of associative learning

A

1) Classical conditioning

2) Operant conditioning

87
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.

88
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically elicit a reflexive response (example: salivating when smelling food)

89
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

Stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

90
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus

91
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response called the conditioned response

92
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

93
Q

Aquisition

A

The process of acquiring a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus

94
Q

Extinction in classical conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus

95
Q

Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning

A

if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited

96
Q

Generalization in classical conditioning

A

A broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response.

97
Q

Discrimination in classical conditioning

A

An organism learns to distinguish between two similar

stimuli. Opposite of generalization

98
Q

Father of classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

99
Q

Father of operant conditioning and behaviorism

A

B.F Skinner

100
Q

Behaviorism

A

The theory that all behaviors are conditioned

101
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors

102
Q

Reinforcement in operant conditioning

A

The process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior.

103
Q

Positive reinforcers in operant conditioning

A

Increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.

104
Q

Negative reinforcers in operant conditioning

A

Increase the frequency of a behavior, but they do so by removing something unpleasant.

105
Q

Reinforcement effect on behavior

A

Any reinforcement—positive or negative—increases

the likelihood that a behavior will be performed

106
Q

2 types of negative reinforcers in operant conditioning

A

1) Escape learning

2) Avoidance learning

107
Q

Escape learning

A

The role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists, like a headache

108
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.

109
Q

Punishment in operant conditioning

A

Uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence

of a behavior.

110
Q

Positive punishment in operant conditioning

A

Adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior

111
Q

Negative punishment in operant conditioning

A

The reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed.

112
Q

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedules

A

Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of

performances of that behavior (ex: every 3 times)

113
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

A fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

114
Q

Variable-ratio (VR) schedules

A

Reinforce a behavior after a varying number
of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant

115
Q

Fixed-interval (FI) schedules

A

Reinforce the first instance of a behavior after

a specified time period has elapsed.

116
Q

Variable-interval (VI) schedules

A

Reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior

is performed after a varying interval of time

117
Q

Which schedule of operant learning works the fastest for learning a new behavior?

A

Variable-ratio works the fastest for learning a new behavior,and is also the most resistant to extinction
VR- Very Rapid and Very Resistant

118
Q

Shaping

A

Shaping is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

119
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

120
Q

Observational learning

A

The process of learning a new behavior or gaining

information by watching others.

121
Q

Mirror neurons location

A

Located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex

122
Q

Mirror neurons function

A

Fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action

123
Q

The formation of memories can be divided into three major processes…

A

1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval

124
Q

Encoding

A

The process of putting new information into memory

Behavioral Science (4 decks)

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