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MCAT Studying > Behavioral Science: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Behavioral Science: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

What are the three different types of neurons in the nervous system?

A

Sensory Motor, and Interneurons

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3
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Use the ability of interneurons in the spinal chord to relay information to the source of the stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

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4
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal chord)

Peripheral Nervous System (most cranial and spinal nerves)

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5
Q

The PNS is divided into which divisions?

A

Somatic (voluntary) and the autonomic (involuntary)

Autonomic is divided into the parasympathetic and the sympathetic

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6
Q

What is the difference between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic?

A

Fight or flight vs. Rest and digest

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7
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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8
Q

What are the contents of the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and the reticular formation

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9
Q

What are the contents of the midbrain?

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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10
Q

What are the contents of the forebrain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent ascend into the brain (sensory)

Efferent exit the brain to the periphery (motor)

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12
Q

Function, Location of the following:

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

A

Forebrain:

Cerebral cortex: complex perceptual cognitive behavior
Basal Ganglia: movement
Limbic System: amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei (emotion and memory)
Thalamus: sensory relay station
Hypothalamus: hunger and thirst, emotion

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13
Q

Function, location of the following:

inferior and superior coliculi

A

Midbrain, sensorimotor reflex

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14
Q

Function, location of the following:

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

A

Hindbrain

Cerebellum: refined motor movements
Medulla oblongata: vital functioning (breathing, digestion)
Reticular formation: arousal/alertness

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15
Q

Methods of studying the brain

A

lesions, electrical stimulation, activity recording

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16
Q

Function: Thalamus

A

Part of the forebrain, relay station for sensory information

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17
Q

Function: hypothalamus

A

Part of the forebrain, maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects to the anterior pituitary

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18
Q

Function: basal ganglion

A

Part of the forebrain, smoothens movement and helps maintain postural stability

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19
Q

Function: Limbic system

A

Part of the forebrain, contains septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus,
controls emotion and memory

Septal nuclei: pleasure, pleasure seeking
Amygdala: fear and aggression
hippocampus: consolidation of memory

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20
Q

Fornix

A

communication for the hippocampus to the other parts of the limbic system

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21
Q

Cerebral Cortex Lobes are…

A

F-POT

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe

22
Q

Frontal lobe:

A

executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production

23
Q

Parietal Lobe:

A

sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing, orientation and manipulation

24
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual processing

25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

26
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres, which is dominant vs. non-dominant

A

left and right hemispheres,

Most individuals, left hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere for language

27
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

released by neurons to carry a signal

28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used by the somatic nervous system (muscle movement), parasympathetic, and the CNS (alertness)

29
Q

Dopamine

A

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

30
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

natural painkillers

31
Q

Epi/NE

A

wakefulness, alertness and mediate fight or fligh responses

Epi tends to act as a hormone, and NE tends to act as a NT

32
Q

GABA/Glycine

A

brain stabilizers, inhibitory NT

33
Q

Glutamate

A

Major CNS excitatory NT

34
Q

Seretonin

A

modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns and dreaming

35
Q

Endocrine system is connected to the nervous system via…

A

hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

36
Q

Glands of the Endocrine System

A

Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Adrenal Glands, and Gonads

Anterior Pituitary: FSH, LH, TSH
Adrenal Glands: mineralocorticoids, corticoids, androgens, epinephrine, and noroepinephrine

37
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Debate regarding the relative contributions of genetics and environment to an individual’s traits

38
Q

Family Studies

A

relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to the general population

39
Q

Twin Studies

A

compare concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

40
Q

Adoption Studies

A

similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similiarities with their biological parents

41
Q

Neurulation

A

notochord stimulates overlying ectoderm to fold over, creating the neural tube topped with neural crests cells

42
Q

Neural tube vs. Neural Crest

A

Neural crest cells spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues, while neural tube cells eventually becomes the CNS

43
Q

primitive reflexes

A

exists in infants and should disappear with age, and are used as a diagnostic tool for neurological development disorders

44
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

infant turns his head towards anything that brushes the cheek (nipple search)

45
Q

Moro Reflex

A

infant extends the arms, then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a falling sensation

46
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

big toe is extended and the other toe fan in response to the brushing on the sole of the foot

47
Q

Grasping reflex

A

infant grabs anything put into his or her hand

48
Q

Gross and fine motor skills development milestones fashion

A

head to toe and core to periphery

49
Q

Social Skill shift in developmental milestone

A

parent oriented –> self oriented –> other oriented

50
Q

Language skill shift in development milestone

A

become increasingly complex

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