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Boards Path > Behavioral Science > Flashcards

Behavioral Science Flashcards

1
Q

Case Control Study

A
  • Retrospective observational study
  • Looks at patients who have been diagnosed with a disease and then looks back at a risk factor that may have cause it.
  • Most likely is an odds ratio (AD/BC) ratio diseased with/without risk factor over ratio not diseased with/not diseased without
  • Patients who have COPD are selected and then asked about their smoking history
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2
Q

Cohort

A
  • Finds two groups of people with certain characteristics or features and compares their liklihood of getting a specific disease
  • Risk Ratio (A/A+B)/(C/C+D)
  • Takes patients who smoke and look back to see if they have an increased risk of having COPD
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3
Q

Cross Sectional

A
  • Looks at a population at A SINGLE POINT IN TIME to get disease prevalence
  • Most associated with prevalence
  • Can’t establish causality
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4
Q

Stages of Clinical Trial

A

1-small group of health volunteers
2 - small group of diseased
3 - large group of diseased
4 - post market surveilance

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5
Q

Sensitivity

A

TP/TP+FN

-Used to rule out a disease (picks up the most true positives)

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6
Q

Specificity

A

TN/TN+FP

-Used to rule in a disease (Picks out all the people who tested positive who actually have the disease)

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7
Q

PPV

A

TP/TP+FP

-The liklihood that given a positive test, the patient will actually have the disease

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8
Q

NPV

A

TN/TN+FN

-The liklihood that given a negative test result the patient will really not have the disease

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9
Q

Incidence

A
  • The number of patients diagnosed with a disease over a specific time / The susceptible population
  • Patients who are currently diagnosed or who are dead do not count as the susceptible population
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10
Q

Prevalene

A

-The proportion of people who currently have the disease over the total population

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11
Q

Odds ratio

A
  • Descibes the ratio of disesed exposed to the risk factor over the non diseased exposed to the risk factor
  • (a/c)/(b/d) = AD/BC
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12
Q

Relative Risk

A
  • Describes the liklihood the role that a risk factor may play in the disease
  • (a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
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13
Q

Attributable Risk

A

(a/a+b)-(c/c+d)

  • When it is used to show how a treatment improves survival it is called number needed to treat
  • When it is used to describe how a risk factor might increase the liklhood of disease is it number needed to harm
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14
Q

Selection Bias

A

-Not selecting right patients, berkson is a part

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15
Q

Berkson’s Bias

A

-Some patients are lost to follow up and thus interfere with interpretation

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16
Q

Lead Time

A

-Earlier Diagnosis does not mean improved survival

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17
Q

Hawthorne

A

-Patients will change their behavior when they know they are being studied.

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18
Q

Standard Error of Mean

A

SD/(sqrt(n))

-Used to calculate confidence intervals

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19
Q

Positive Skew

A

Mean is greater than the median.

-The tail will be in the positive direction

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20
Q

Negative Skew

A

Mean is less than the median

-Tail will be in negative direction

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21
Q

Standard Deviation and SEM

A
  • Standard deviation is not the same as SEM

- SEM is used to report confidence intervals and is standard deviation over the sqrt(n)

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22
Q

Type I Error

A
  • Alpha or false positive rates
  • The liklihood that the study reject the null hypothesis, or comes to a positive conclusion when in fact one does not exist.
  • Measured by alpha which is often a p value (SEM) or CI which is SEM
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23
Q

Type 2 error

A
  • False negative rate. If the study is too small, it is possible that a true conclusion will be missed
  • Measured with beta
  • Power is 1-beta. Higher the number, the higher the power, the lower the beta.
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24
Q

T Test

A

-Used to compare two quantatitve variables

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25
Q

ANOVA

A

-Used to compare more than 2 quantatative variables

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26
Q

Chi Squared

A

-Used to compare 2 categorical variables

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27
Q

Primary Disease Prevention

A

-Vaccination

28
Q

Secondary Disease Prevention

A

-Early Detections

29
Q

Tertiery Disease PRevention

A

-Miimize disability associated with disease

30
Q

Medicare

A

-Federal programs to help older patients (65), those with end stage renal disease, and certain disabilities

31
Q

Medicaid

A

-State and federal program to care for lower income people

32
Q

Autonomy

A

-Patient can decide

33
Q

Beneficence

A

-Fiduciary obligation of physician (can compete with autonomy)

34
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

-Don’t do harm (Don’t give bad procedures or medications)

35
Q

Justice

A

a

36
Q

Informed Consent

A
  • Intelligent person, not coerced, given both sides,

- Patient can give waiver

37
Q

Implied Consent

A

-In emergent situation it can be assumed

38
Q

Minors

A
  • Parental consent is foundation unless

- STD, Pregnancy, OCP, Emergency, Drug addiction

39
Q

Oral Advance Directive

A
  • If patient repeatadley stated what he wanted for a long time orally when in clear mind
  • Can vary by state
40
Q

Living Will

A
  • Written document

- Patient who is in clear mind can revoke at any time

41
Q

Living Power of Attorney

A
  • More powerful than living will

- Informed patient can revoke at any time

42
Q

Surrogates

A

Spouse > Adult Children > Parents > Adult Siblings > Other relatives

43
Q

Confidentiality

A
  • Keep it except in
  • STD, Hepatities, Food Poisoning, TB (population at risk)
  • Tarrasoff (tell someone if patient is going to harm them)
  • Imparied drivers
  • Suicidal/Homicidal patients
  • Child and elder abuse (Separate and report)
44
Q

APGAR

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimmace, Activity, Respirations

-Normally less than 4 is pathologic

45
Q

Low Birth Weight

A
  • Less than 2500g
  • Usually associated with IUGR and prematuritiy
  • Increased risk of enterocolitis intraventricular hemorrhage, SIDS, mortality
46
Q

Heroine Baby

A
  • Has increased crying and increased startle response
  • May have diahrrea, rhinorhea etc
  • Treat with tinciture of opium
47
Q

Cocaine

A
  • May be delivered premature and carry those risks

- IUGR is also common

48
Q

Smoking

A

-IUGR increased risk of premature rupture of membranes and prematurity

49
Q

FAS

A
  • Most common cuase of retardation
  • Microcephaly and characteristic facial features
  • VSD or ASD incresed
50
Q

3 Month

A

-Social smile, responds to voice

51
Q

7-9 months

A

-Sitting up, crawling, stranger anxiety

52
Q

12-15 months

A
  • Can stand and say a few words

- Separation anxiety

53
Q

12-24 months

A

-can stack blocks and walk

54
Q

3 years

A

toilet trained

55
Q

Four

A

Zippers and Buttons

56
Q

Elderly

A

Decrease REM increase latacency and awakenings

57
Q

Normal Grief

A

-May have somatic symptoms and may last up to a year. Illusions are normal

58
Q

Pathologic Grief

A
  • Delayed or suppressed grief

- Intense grief with intense somatic signs

59
Q

Childhood Illness

A

-Don’t tell kid everthing, ask child what he knows and ask parents what he can know

60
Q

Abortions

A

Require notifying parents unless emancipated

61
Q

Awake and Sleep Waves

A

Awake is high frequency and low amplitude

  • Nonrem sleep is low frequency and high amplitutude
  • REM sleep looks like awake where there is high frequency and low amplitude
62
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • Primarily Ach is released and NE is reduced
  • Alcohol, Benzos, Barbs will decrease REM sleep
  • Can be used as treatment for sleep walking
63
Q

Depression

A

-Reduction in NE release leads to an increase in REM sleep

64
Q

Narcolepsy

A
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness, differentiate from OSA
  • Patients will have hallucinations before and after sleep, will go straight to REM sleep often resulting in cataplexy
  • Tx: Modafanil, amphetamines, GHB
65
Q

Circadian Ryhtms

A
  • Originate in suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Regulation of NE, Ach, Melatonin, ACTH, PRL
  • SANS go to pineal gland through NE cause the release of melatonin
66
Q

Sleep Terror

A
  • Non REM

- Nightmare REM

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