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Board > Behavior/Biostats > Flashcards

Behavior/Biostats Flashcards

1
Q

Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease (and related risk factors) at a particular point in time

A

Cross sectional study (observational)

“what is happening?”

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2
Q

Compares a group of people with disease to a group without a disease looking for prior exposure or risk factor

A

Case-control study (observational/retrospective)

eg: patient with COPD had higher odds of a history of smoking than patient without COPD

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3
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Case-control measure. (A/C)/(B/D)

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4
Q

Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure. Looks to see if exposure increases likelihood of disease

A 
Cohort study (observational and prospective or retrospective)
eg: patient who smoked has higher risk of COPD than pt who didnt smoke
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5
Q

Relative risk

A

cohort study measure. Risk of developing disease in exposed group. (A/(A+B))/(C/(C+D))

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6
Q

Measures heritability/environmental influence

A

Twin concordance/Adoption studies

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7
Q

Drug trial

A

Phase I: safety (healthy pt)
Phase II: efficacy (diseased pt)
Phase III: compare to current meds on market (RCT)
Phase IV: long term SE

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8
Q

Probability a test detects disease when it’s present

A

Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)

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9
Q

Probability that a test indicates non-disease when disease is absent

A

Specificity = TN/(TN+FP)

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10
Q

Probability person has the disease given a positive test

A

Positive predictive value = TP/(TP+FP)

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11
Q

Probability that person is disease free given a negative test result

A

Negative predictive value = TN/(TN+FN)

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12
Q

number of new cases/population at risk in a time period

A

incidence

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13
Q

number of existing cases/population at risk in a time period

A

prevalance

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14
Q

1-RR

A

relative risk reduction

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15
Q

Difference in risk between exposed/unexposed groups

A

attributable risk

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16
Q

number of patients who need to be treated for 1 patient to benefit

A

number needed to treat 1/ARR

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17
Q

number needed to harm

A

number of patients who need to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 patient to be harmed 1/AR

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18
Q

unexposed risk - exposed risk

A

absolute risk reduction (ARR)

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19
Q

increased precision

A

decreased standard deviation

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20
Q

systematic error

A

decreased accuracy

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21
Q

early detection is confused with increased survival

A

lead time bias

22
Q

self fulfilling prophecy, observer expectancy bias

A

pygmalion effect

23
Q

groups who know they’re being studied behave differently

A

hawthorne effect

24
Q

graph suggesting two different populations

A

bimodal distribution

25
Q

Hypothesis of no difference

A

Null hypothesis

26
Q

saw a difference that doesn’t exist (reject null when there isn’t really a sig difference)

A

Type 1 error (alpha)

27
Q

blind to a difference that actually exists (accept null when it should be rejected)

A

Type 2 error (beta)

28
Q

how to increase power

A

increase sample size

29
Q

95% confidence interval for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1

A

Cannot reject null hypothesis

30
Q

Confidence intervals overlap

A

Cannot reject null hypothesis

31
Q

test checking the difference between means of 2 groups

A

t-test

32
Q

test checking the difference between means of 3 or more groups

A

ANOVA

33
Q

test checking difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes

A

Chi-square

34
Q

federal program for the elderly (>65), end stage renal disease

A

medicarE

35
Q

federal program for low income people

A

medicaiD

36
Q

informed consent

A

Respect patient autonomy

37
Q

ethical duty to actin the patient’s best interest

A

Beneficence

38
Q

“Do no harm”

A

nonmaleficence

39
Q

treat persons fairly and equitably

A

justice

40
Q

Informed consent components

A

Disclosure of pertinent, Understanding, mental capacity, voluntariness

41
Q

Exceptions for consent with minors

A

contraception, STD, pregnancy, drugs (addiction), emergency/trauma

42
Q

Low birth weight

A

infection, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, persistent fetal circulation

43
Q

APGAR <4

A

resuscitate

44
Q

Moro reflex

A

3 mo, fall simulation

45
Q

rooting

A

4 mo

46
Q

palmar grasp

A

6 mo

47
Q

babinski

A

12mo

48
Q

high frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base (preserved low freq)

A

Presbycusis

49
Q

Top 3 Newborn death

A
  1. congenital malformation
  2. Preterm birth
  3. SIDS
50
Q

top 3 35-44

A
  1. unintentional injury
  2. cancer
  3. heart disease
51
Q

top 3 45-64

A
  1. cancer
  2. heart disease
  3. unintentional injury
52
Q

top 3 65+

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. chronic respiratory

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