Behavior And Actions

Question 1

Economic decision making view

Answer 1

The motive of human decision making is their own economic interests and well being. Humans are perceived as rational.

Question 2

What factors do humans take into consideration when practicing ethical decision making?

Answer 2

People care about their economic interest
People care about the economic interest of those close to them
People will sacrifice their economic interest to help friendly people and punish unfriendly ones
People care about the welfare of strangers
People are interested in their reputation
People are interested in their self image

Question 3

What are the elements of the ethical decision making model?

Answer 3

Recognize moral issue
Make moral judgement
Establish moral intent
Engage in moral behavior

Question 4

Individual factors in ethics

Answer 4

Age and gender
Education and employment
Psychological factors
Personal values and integrity
Moral imagination

Question 5

Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Answer 5

Individualism and collectivism
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity and femininity
Long term vs short term orientation
Indulgence

Question 6

National and cultural characteristics examples

Answer 6

Individualistic background supports independent decision making
Collectivist background can lead to mirroring the common morality
Hierarchy can lead to following an executives orders

Question 7

Intra cultural divides

Answer 7

Within cultures there is a divide between individualizing and binging moral orientations, which cause “culture wars”

Question 8

Situational factors

Answer 8

Issue related: moral intensity and moral framing
Context related: authority, rewards, bureaucracy, work roles, organizational culture, national context

Question 9

What is moral intensity

Answer 9

The factors can determine the relative importance of a moral issue

Question 10

Moral intensity factors:

Answer 10

Magnitude of consequences
Social consensus
Probability of effect
Temporal immediacy
Moral proximity
Concentration of effect

Question 11

What is moral framing?

Answer 11

How a problem is presented

Question 12

Rationalizing corruption factors [moral framing]

Answer 12

Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of victim
Social weighing
Appeal to higher loyalties
Metaphor of the ledger

Question 13

How does bureaucracy affect decision making

Answer 13

Suffocates moral autonomy, makes morality instrumental, and distances consequences of action

Question 14

How does organizational culture affect decision making?

Answer 14

Provides context and direction for decision making

Question 15

How do work roles affect decision making

Answer 15

Creates expectations

Question 16

How do systems of reward affect decision making

Answer 16

Concretizes ethics

Question 17

What is an ethical dilemma

Answer 17

A situation which is experienced as uneasy where you have to choose between two actions and these options have moral or ethical aspects

Question 18

Examples of ethical challenges

Answer 18

Standing up to power
Made a promise and world has changed
Intervention
Conflicts of interest
Suspicions without enough evidence
Playing dirty
Skirting the rules
Showing mercy
Loyalty
Sacrificing personal values

Question 19

Unintentional unethical decision making (Banaji biases]

Answer 19

Implicit forms of prejudice [make decisions based off names]
Bias that favors ones own group [small acts of in group favoritism add up]
Tendency to overclaim credit [always think they do better than they do]
Conflict of interest [if you are financially incentivized to prolong business, you may do it at clients expense or disregard ethical behavior]

Question 20

How to solve Banaji biases

Answer 20

Data and metrics over time
Identification of bias type
Gather experiences
Conduct thought experiments like veil of ignorance
Leadership
Language and tweaks

Question 21

Cognitive bias

Answer 21

Making a judgement on something based off of your beliefs or previous experiences
Systematic pattern of deviation from normal or rationality in judgement

Question 22

Examples of cognitive bias

Answer 22

Stereotyping (group people together based on certain quality and make assumptions about them before meeting them]
Confirmation bias (tend to listen only to information that confirms our perceptions]

Question 23

What are problems with global approach to AI ethics

Answer 23

Differences in the ethical reasoning at work [cultural norms, religious tradition for ex] need to be taken into account
AI and related data regulations are rarely uniform across geographies
Strong western bias leads to low predictive power and bias against underrepresented groups

Question 24

Solution to global AI ethics problem

Answer 24

Develop a contextual global AI ethics model

Question 25

How would a contextual global AI ethics model work

Answer 25

Global team works with local teams to conceptualize guidelines
Need to set up teams in different geographical locations to negotiate areas of potential conflict
Conversations around ethics in early stages of development need to take place, leading to continuous case by case conversation
Compliance [ticking the box] vs empowerment [moral imagination] view of ethics

Question 26

What are descriptive ethical theories

Answer 26

Collecting data about moral practices, norms, and values of different cultures or groups