Behavior And Actions Flashcards
Economic decision making view
The motive of human decision making is their own economic interests and well being. Humans are perceived as rational.
What factors do humans take into consideration when practicing ethical decision making?
People care about their economic interest
People care about the economic interest of those close to them
People will sacrifice their economic interest to help friendly people and punish unfriendly ones
People care about the welfare of strangers
People are interested in their reputation
People are interested in their self image
What are the elements of the ethical decision making model?
Recognize moral issue
Make moral judgement
Establish moral intent
Engage in moral behavior
Individual factors in ethics
Age and gender
Education and employment
Psychological factors
Personal values and integrity
Moral imagination
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
Individualism and collectivism
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity and femininity
Long term vs short term orientation
Indulgence
National and cultural characteristics examples
Individualistic background supports independent decision making
Collectivist background can lead to mirroring the common morality
Hierarchy can lead to following an executives orders
Intra cultural divides
Within cultures there is a divide between individualizing and binging moral orientations, which cause “culture wars”
Situational factors
Issue related: moral intensity and moral framing
Context related: authority, rewards, bureaucracy, work roles, organizational culture, national context
What is moral intensity
The factors can determine the relative importance of a moral issue
Moral intensity factors:
Magnitude of consequences
Social consensus
Probability of effect
Temporal immediacy
Moral proximity
Concentration of effect
What is moral framing?
How a problem is presented
Rationalizing corruption factors [moral framing]
Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of victim
Social weighing
Appeal to higher loyalties
Metaphor of the ledger
How does bureaucracy affect decision making
Suffocates moral autonomy, makes morality instrumental, and distances consequences of action
How does organizational culture affect decision making?
Provides context and direction for decision making
How do work roles affect decision making
Creates expectations
How do systems of reward affect decision making
Concretizes ethics
What is an ethical dilemma
A situation which is experienced as uneasy where you have to choose between two actions and these options have moral or ethical aspects
Examples of ethical challenges
Standing up to power
Made a promise and world has changed
Intervention
Conflicts of interest
Suspicions without enough evidence
Playing dirty
Skirting the rules
Showing mercy
Loyalty
Sacrificing personal values
Unintentional unethical decision making (Banaji biases]
Implicit forms of prejudice [make decisions based off names]
Bias that favors ones own group [small acts of in group favoritism add up]
Tendency to overclaim credit [always think they do better than they do]
Conflict of interest [if you are financially incentivized to prolong business, you may do it at clients expense or disregard ethical behavior]
How to solve Banaji biases
Data and metrics over time
Identification of bias type
Gather experiences
Conduct thought experiments like veil of ignorance
Leadership
Language and tweaks
Cognitive bias
Making a judgement on something based off of your beliefs or previous experiences
Systematic pattern of deviation from normal or rationality in judgement
Examples of cognitive bias
Stereotyping (group people together based on certain quality and make assumptions about them before meeting them]
Confirmation bias (tend to listen only to information that confirms our perceptions]
What are problems with global approach to AI ethics
Differences in the ethical reasoning at work [cultural norms, religious tradition for ex] need to be taken into account
AI and related data regulations are rarely uniform across geographies
Strong western bias leads to low predictive power and bias against underrepresented groups
Solution to global AI ethics problem
Develop a contextual global AI ethics model
How would a contextual global AI ethics model work
Global team works with local teams to conceptualize guidelines
Need to set up teams in different geographical locations to negotiate areas of potential conflict
Conversations around ethics in early stages of development need to take place, leading to continuous case by case conversation
Compliance [ticking the box] vs empowerment [moral imagination] view of ethics
What are descriptive ethical theories
Collecting data about moral practices, norms, and values of different cultures or groups
