Beh. Explanation of Phobias^

Question 1

The Two Process Model

Answer 1

Mowrer
- phobias learned by classical conditioning
- maintained by operant conditioning

Question 2

Little Albert

Answer 2

classical conditioning
Watson & Rayner
- fear is a conditioned responce
Aim
- investigate if fear is a conditioned responce
Procedure
- baby with neutral stimulus meets loud bang
- created fear from the associated iteams
Findings
- baby displayed fear without noise
Conclusion
- fear is learned/ conditioned respose
- it can be generalised

Question 3

Avoidance

Answer 3

Operant Conditioning
- negative reinforcement
continue avoiding which maintains negative connection to phobia

Question 4

Social Learning Theory

Answer 4

vicarious reinforcement
- develop phobias by modelling from others and watching the consequences
child see parent react in fear of spider
- imitate as relaxing looks rewarding

Question 5

Real World Applications

Answer 5

• exposure therapies
  : systematic desensitasation
• phobias are maintained by avoidance
• reduce anxiety and avoidance declines
• two process model benefits in treating phobias

Question 6

Holistic V Reductionist

Answer 6

reductionist
- reduces how phobias are created only by conditioning
Decreases credibility
- doesn’t explain the influence other factors can have

Question 7

Cognitive Aspects

Answer 7

only speak about behavioural aspects and doesnt speak why they are developed

Question 8

Phobias & Traumatic Experiences

Answer 8

evidence to support Little Albert
- classical cond. by association of stimulus and conditioned responce
De Jongh et al
- 73% of those with trauma of dentist are afraid of going to it
- 21% of control group with no trauma are afraid

VS not all phobias are developed by trauma (snakes)
beh. explanation not complete
- phobias with no trauma

Question 9

Learning & Evolution

Answer 9

phobias explained by evolutionary approach
Seligman
- preparedness is a better predictor
- threats in past and phobias may be installed in us