Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 104 > Before Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Before Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biologyical psychologist/neuroscientists

A

Study the brain and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phrenology

A

Studying the structure of brain and heavier
-shape, size and protrusions
-mapped out portions of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phrenology believed that protrusions of the cranium meant…

A

That certain people had larger parts of the brain
-smarter in those areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phrenology: where there are differences between people there must also be..

A

Structural brain differences between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How was phrenology disproven

A

When found that damage to areas that should correspond to certain traits mapped out, did not in fact

-the brain is not just one region, it is rather a connection of multiple areas articulating together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electrical stimulation studies

A

Investigating brain function, by electrically stimulating the brain during neurosurgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who was the American-Canadian neurosurgeon, integral to electrical stimulation studies

A

Wilder Penfield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ESS supported the idea that neural communication is ____ in nature

A

Electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Mapped brain cortex
-using electrical stimuli’s on a certain location
-a lot of poking and guessing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ESS was not interested in:

A

The consequences of “poke and guess”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lesion studies

A

Created damage to a specific area to understand impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull

-like a capsule with all the cords/buttons
-created a spreadsheet of region:response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EEG advantages/disadvantages

A

A- noninvasive, high temporal resolution

D- no information in individual cell activity, or accurate region activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan)

A

Multiple X-rays to build a 3D reconstitution of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CT scan advantage/disadvantage

A

A- detects dense tissue

D- static image, doesn’t show activity over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

A

Since an active brain requires glucose, attach radio to bind with glucose to see what part of the brain is using glucose (active) and when

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PET scan advantage/disadvantage:

A

A- helpful for isotope drugs and seeing where they are used

D- invasive, static image, poor spatial resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structural MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize Brian structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is better at detecting soft tissue (MRI or CT)

A

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MRI advantages/disadvantages

A

A- better soft tissue detection, higher spatial resolution

D- expensive, static, no activity over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

A

Detects the changes in blood oxygenation + flow that occur in response to neural activity
-vibrates the iron in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FMRI advantages/disadvantages

A

A- activity over time is represented, spatial resolution

D- poor temporal resolution, expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MEG advantages/disadvantages

A

A- good temporal, and spatial

D- not good at detecting deep activity, expensive, technologically difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

Battery powered electrodes are implanted in brain, which shows electrical stimulation in certain areas
-neuropsychological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DBS advantage/disadvantages

A

A- treat neuropsychological conditions

D- very invasive, general surgery risks, lack of control once implanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Strong/quick magnetic field to surface of skull
-interrupt or enhance brain function/signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TMS advantage/disadvantage

A

A- Inhibits neural function for moments

D- can cause seizures, only operates on cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Localization of function

A

When certain brain areas are found to be particularly active during a specific psychological task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Electrical process

A

Occurs inside neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Chemical process

A

How one cell communicates with another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neuron

A

-ns cell
sends messages from one area to another using electrical/chemical process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parts of neuron

A

-cell body
-dendrites
-axon
-axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Contains nucleus and cell membrane
-keeps cell alive and functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Dendrites

A

-growing out of soma
-capture signals from outside neuron

-chemicals bind onto receptor sites to activate a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Axon

A

“Cell toso”
-contains myelin sheath and nodes of ranvier
-push signal away from neuron (cell body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Axon terminals

A

Electrical signal will release chemicals into synaptic space from axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neural communication occurs due to

A

Synaptic junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Chemical information is transferred at the

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system
-supports neurons and neuronal functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Astrocytes

A

Responsible for BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Oligiodendrocyte

A

Responsible for myelin sheath of some axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Collection of fatty tissue attached to axon
-highly conductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Myelinated neurons

A

Pass signal along axon much faster than unmyelinated neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

MS, Parkinson’s

A

Demyelination diseases
-results in motor problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Action potential

A

The formation of the electrical impulse
-neuron has fired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Resting potential

A

Neuron is not signaled or isn’t firing
-voltage charge is relative to outside solution
-consistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Resting potential charge:

A

-70 mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Threshold

A

A value that needs to be met to create an action potential
-all or nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Depolarization

A

Action potential is generating
-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Depolarization number

A

40mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Repolarized

A

Cell is “refreshing” to repeat actions of AP
-getting more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Hyperpolarixation

A

Cell drops even more negative than resting potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Cell returning back to baseline (repolarization)
-cannot active or generate new impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Relative refractory period

A

if gets enough (usually more) stimulation will reactive
-hyperpolarization/below resting potential
-needs 25mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Generally speaking how much electrical stimuli’s needs to reach threshold (from -70mv)

A

Needs 15mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How long is an action potential

A

1s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

All or none law

A

The cell either fires or does not fire
-no half measures
-stronger signals do not cause stronger AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does a stronger signal do

A

Creates MORE action potential
-rate of firing is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Chemical neuron communications

A

-occurs among neurons
-neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on densities of post synaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse
-excite
-inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Five steps of chemical communication in order

A

-synthesis
-storage
-release
-binding
-deactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Two broad categories of neurotransmitters

A

-excitatory (depolarization)
-inhibitory (hyperpolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

Postynaptic depolarization

-postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
-toward threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPP)

A

Postsynaptic hyperpolarization
-postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire
-further from threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Presynaptic neuron sends chemical signal to

A

Postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Synthesis

A

Building neurotransmitters in the vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

storage

A

Storage in synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Release

A

Release into synaptic space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Binding

A

Binding to receptor sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Deactivation

A

Deactivation through or reputable of breakdown
-chemicals can float back inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Ensure action potential is reached, and that there is a period of time for the cell to refresh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

EPSP receptor

A

A or B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

IPSP receptor

A

D or E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory NT
-sensory and learning
-alcohol and sensory enhancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

GABA

A

Main inhibitory NT
-alcohol and anti anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Cortical arousal
-amphetamine and methamphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Cortical arousal, selective attention, memory (Alzheimer’s), muscle contradiction
-nicotine, memory enhancers, Botox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Dopamine

A

Motor function, reward and pleasure
-L dopa used to treat Parkinson’s disease, antipsychotics (hallucinations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood regulation, aggression, sleep wake cycles and temperature
-SSRI anti depressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain killers
-codeine, morphine, heroine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Anandamide

A

Pain killers, increase in appetite
-tetrahydrocannabinol (weed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Drugs that impact the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Drugs can be either

A

Agonist or antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Agonist

A

Drug enhances activity at the receptor site
-binds to receptor site or blocks reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug reduces activity at the receptor site
-binds to receptor site and blocks neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Ability of neurons to change over time
-structural or functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Networks of neurons in the brain change over the course of development in four primary ways

A

-growth
-synaptogenesis
-pruning
-myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Creation of new synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Neurogensis

A

Repairing brain damage
-only happens sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells
-have capacity to become any type of cell in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Three areas related to neural plasticity

A

-developmental
-learning
-following injury and or degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Plasticity and development

A

When an individual’s brain is growing during early years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Myelination

A

Speeding up communication between neurons
-usually heavily used neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Growth

A

Early aged individuals don’t have as many differentiated cells, and shorter dendrites
So…
-neurons grow dendrites (more receptor sites)
-axons extend on neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

More synapses
-with growth of dendrites and axons, more axon terminals are grown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Pruning

A

Process of the brain filtering unnecessary neurons
-due to rapid periods of growth and chaos
-enhances efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Brain is made up of

A

-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Forebrain is made up of

A

-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
-limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Hindbrain is made up of

A

-Cerebellum
-brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Brain stem is made up of

A

-pons
-medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Plasticity and learning

A

-creation of new synapses
-memory function and activation
The brain changes as we learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Potentiation

A

The change of the structure and activation patterns of neurons due to repetitive stimulation

-emphasizing the certain activity that is used more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Structural plasticity

A

Neurons change shape as a function of activation
-neurons will be physically larger with more stimulation (enrichment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Limbic system is made up of

A

-Hippocampus
-amygdala
-nucleus accumbens
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

PNS

A

Somatic and autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Somatic system

A

Voluntary muscle activation
-sensory and motor nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Plasticity in injury and degeneration

A

Sometimes neural connections of brain regions can take place of others
-neural genesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Idea that individuals can regrow and repair damaged neurons
-mostly in hippocampus
-not very common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Theorized way of fixing damage to brain, using stem cells

A

Implantation of stem cells, can induce them to differentiate and repair/replace damaged areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Autonomic system controls

A

-smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
-involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Autonomic system makes up

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Spinal cord

A

-connects peripheral ns with the brain
-relays information from body to brain, then back down
-contains spinal reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Various spinal nerves that bundle together to relay reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Damage to spinal cord

A

Will absolutely sever any function related to that area
-paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Spinal cord is protected by

A

Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Pathway to brain from receptor

A

Receptor—> sensory—> interneuron—> motor neuron —> reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer wrinkly layer of the brain
-divided into two hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Hemispheres are connected via the

A

Corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Left hemisphere of the cortex majors in

A

-fine tuned language skills
-motor actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Right hemisphere cortex majors in

A

-coarse language
-visuospatial skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Lobes of the cortex

A

-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-motor function
-organization
-language
-memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory
-touch, temp, pain, perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

What separates frontal and parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Motor function
-collections of neurons
-damage results in tremors or involuntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional response: aggression or fear
-fight or fight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Survival skills, and homeostasis
-hunger, sex drive, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station/motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Midbrain function

A

-eye movement and coordination
-RAS (reticular activating system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

RAS function

A

Conscious awareness
-control over existence
-regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention

Eg- general anthestetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Breathing, swallowing, digestion
-damage usually means death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, balance and muscle tone
-complicated motor movements

Damage: major motor/coordination problems

138
Q

Pons

A

Relay station of fibres coming from spinal cord or cerebral cortex
-organizes

139
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls other glands
-oxytocin

140
Q

Oxytocin

A

-birth
-maternal and romantic love
-trust and social behaviours (good and bad)

141
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Releases hormones during periods of stress and arousal
-just above kidneys
-adrenaline and cortisol

142
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threads within a cells nucleus that carry genetic material

143
Q

Most humans have __ chromosomes

A

46

144
Q

Genes are composed of

A

2-deoxyribonucleic acid

145
Q

DNA

A

Hereditary blueprint in genes
-contains things cells need to replicate

146
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes transmitted from our parents to us
-fixed at birth

147
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable traits
-interaction of genotype and environmental factors

148
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

Approach sued to examine the influence of nature (genes) and nurture (environment)

149
Q

Myth 1

A

Heritability applies to a single individual

-interplay between genetic material and environmental factors impacting them (changes the expression)

150
Q

Myth 2

A

Heritability tells us wether a trait can be changed

Idea: genes placed upon birth are predetermining what/who you are

-the way genes operate is really controlled by environmental factors
-range of particular traits

151
Q

Myth 3

A

Heritability is a fixed number

152
Q

Heritability

A

-usually measured by percentage
-not individual

153
Q

Seeds and soil, myth 2

A

The same seeds in different quality soils will produce different heights

154
Q

Three main types of behavioural genetic research designs

A

-family studies
-twin studies
-adoption studies

155
Q

Family studies

A

Observing family unit, and what the likiehood of one particular trait running through the family unit

-how likely will the offspring have these traits as well

156
Q

Problems with family studies

A

Cannot separate nature vs nurture
-different degrees of relatedness
-different environmental exposures

157
Q

Good thing with family studies

A

Good starting point to see wether or not a gene is heritable

158
Q

Twin studies

A

Identical twins, sharing genetic material, shared in the same household vs not int the same household
-how likely are they to have the same traits

159
Q

Adoption studies

A

Individuals separates from birth parents
-assess similarity to children vs parents

160
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable traits

161
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by our sense organs
-observed to understand perception

162
Q

Perception

A

The brains interpretation of these raw sensory inputs

163
Q

Transduction

A

Ns converts external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons

164
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation
-do not feel clothes on skin

165
Q

Adaptive process (sensory adaptation)

A

Keeps us attuned to the changes in our environment rather than the constants

166
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how we perceive sensory stimuli’s
-based on their physical characteristics (light perceived depends on wavelength, patternicity)

167
Q

Gustav fechner

A

First to describe the things that are required for sensation
-a stimulus
-Psychophysics

168
Q

Elements der psychophysics

A

First to describe the fundamental of stimulus

169
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The lowest level of a stimulus that an individual can detect
-50% of the time
-something compared to nothing

170
Q

Examples of vision in absolute threshold

A

A candle flame seen at 50km on a dark clear night

171
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect (50% of the time)
-difference threshold

172
Q

Below difference threshold

A

Cannot tell difference between stimulus

173
Q

Crossing JND

A

Stimulus is difference enough (can tell a difference)

174
Q

Webers law

A

Constant proportional relationship between JND and original stimulus intensity

-harder to tell difference between stronger stimulus

For example: ten percent difference to detect difference (detecting 10vs11 lb or 100vs101 lb)

175
Q

Weber fraction

A

The constant proportion, differs depending on sensory input

176
Q

Signal detection

A

Theory that Describes how we detect stimulus under uncertain conditions
-factors that influence our ability

177
Q

Cognitive factors of signal detection

A

-expectations
-consequences
-response requirements

178
Q

Standard signal detection experiment has two important components

A

-1/2 of trials, one low intensity stimulus is presented
-1/2 of trails, no stimulus is presented
-trails are randomized to reduce predictability

179
Q

Signal detection-hit

A

Detect stimulus that was present

180
Q

Signal detection-miss

A

Fail to detect a stimulus that was present

181
Q

Signal detection-false alarm

A

Indicate a stimulus was present when it was not

182
Q

Signal detection-correct rejection

A

Indicate there was no stimulus when there was no stimulus

183
Q

Do sensory systems only process their own information, and nothing else?

A

Not necessarily
-phosphenes: rubbing eye causes stars, due to mechanical pressure causing AP to occur

184
Q

Johannes muller proposed

A

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

185
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Never get interactions between different senses

186
Q

Cross modal processing

A

Processing of signals from one sense in another sensory area

-simultaneous audio and visible sensation leading to a form of perception

187
Q

Mcgurk effect

A

Processing speech sounds, usually visual (mouth movements) and audible (literal sounds) leads to the perception of what the individual says
-both play a role

MCGURK is —> mismatch between the two during sensation

188
Q

Synesthesia

A

Condition where people experience cross modal sensations and perceptions
-taste color, or see sound

189
Q

Most common type of synesthesia

A

Grapheme color synesthesia

190
Q

Grapheme color synesthesia

A

Where a persons experience o numbers and letters are associated with the experience of color

-think of number one, see color blue

191
Q

Lexical taste synesthesia ??

A
192
Q

Attention interacts with

A

Perception

193
Q

Two examples of the role of attention

A

-selective attention
-inattentional blindless

194
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows us to select one sensory channel and ignore or minimize others
-RAS and forebrain involved
-dichotic listening tasks

195
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

When closely paying attention to an event, one can fail to notice an unexpected and completely visible object
-moonwalking bear vid

196
Q

Dichotic listening tasks

A

Different messages sent to each ear with headphones, supposed to repeat out loud only left ear information (selective attention)

197
Q

Broadbents filter model of attention

A

-all info sent to sensory is pushed through a filter
-filter selectively allows only necessary information to pass onto processing purposes

198
Q

What does broadbents filter model not explain

A

The cocktail party effect
-because some of this information is not blocked by this filter

199
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Idea that if your at a party talking with your friend, then someone says your name then you immediately switch focus to that conversation

-how did you know that your name was said when you were filtering out everything but your friend?

200
Q

Does selective attention really filter out everything?

A

No, certain important words will not
Such as: name, emergency

201
Q

The binding problem

A

Different aspects of a stimulus are processed in multiple parts of the brain, but come together as one single stimulus
-unambiguous integration

202
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ability to attended to many sensory modalities simultaneously

203
Q

Two important parallel processing

A

-bottom up processing
-top down processing

204
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Construct a whole stimulus from all component pieces
-stimulus driven

205
Q

Top down processing

A

Using past experiences, expectations, beliefs in order to make inferences in what the stimulus is
-conceptually driven

206
Q

Perceptual hypotheses

A

Educated guesses as to likeliest conclusion based on what we know
-limited sensory input
-most likely correct

207
Q

Perception is different from

A

Sensations

208
Q

Perceptual sets

A

Expectations influence our perceptions in a specific way in a given circumstance

209
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
-rule

210
Q

Three perceptual constancies

A

-size
-shape
-color

211
Q

Size constancy

A

-as things get closer to us, they take up more room = larger
-as things get further, take up less = smaller

212
Q

Shape constancy

A

Recognize different stimulus as the same object
-different opening doors are different shapes (imagine in the slide)

213
Q

Color constancy

A

Don’t assume that color is going to change as we look at things
-consistent pattern of colours

214
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Rules governing how we perceive objects as a whole within their overall context

215
Q

six main gestalt principles

A

-proximity
-similarity
-continuity
-closure
-symmetry
-figure ground

216
Q

Proximity

A

Looking at things close together, then assume they are the same
-group things based on proximity

217
Q

Similarity

A

Group things based on similarity

218
Q

Continuity

A

Tend to see things as continuing

219
Q

Closure

A

If something has lots of gaps, we tend to fill in the gaps based on experience

220
Q

Symmetry

A

See things in most symmetrical way as possible
-also most simple way

221
Q

Figure ground

A

What we focus on tends to be the figure, and everything else becomes the ground
-images that are trippy

222
Q

Perceiving motion

A

Determine wether something is moving by comparing visual frames form one moment to the next

223
Q

Motion blind

A

Meaning that you cannot string images together to allow detection of motion
-moving toward or away

224
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Tests for apparent motion

225
Q

Apparent motion

A

When situation flash in different locations next to each other and movement is perceived
-no actual motion, but brain perceives as

226
Q

Face perception

A

Humans perceive faces rapidly
-babies 2to3 weeks can imitate facial gestures without being able to see themselves
-

227
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see spatial relationships between things in 3D
-front row closer to me than backrow

228
Q

Monocular depth

A

Requires only one eye to see depth

229
Q

Binocular depth

A

Requires two eyes to see depth

230
Q

Two types of monocular depth cues

A

-motion parallax
-pictorial depth cues

231
Q

Motion parallax

A

Involves imgages of objects at different distances moving across the retina
-how fast = how far something is from us

232
Q

Pictorial depth cues

A

Cues presented in two dimension images, but are able to give depth

233
Q

Linear perspective

A

Having two lines that appear to converge
-head on road going into the distance

234
Q

Texture gradients

A

Image closer to the viewer (bottom of page) is more clear, images further (top of page) are blurrier
-images close to us would be more detailed

235
Q

Interposition

A

Layering/stacking objects in front of each other, cutting each other off
-demonstrates certain objects are behind others

236
Q

Relative size

A

One aspect of the drawing is much larger than the rest, the larger object must be closer, the smaller is further
-egg photo

237
Q

Height in plane

A

See things that are further away lower than object closer??? I dont know

238
Q

Light and shadow

A

Objects that cast shadow demonstrate 3D, and indicates how far from us the object is

239
Q

Two main binocular depth cues

A

-retinal disparity
-binocular convergence

240
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Two eyes are separated from each other
-images are slightly different from each other
-brain uses two separate information sources to determine the distance of objects

241
Q

binocular convergence

A

In order to remain focused, the eyes need to converge toward each other
-help to determine depth
-has ton be very close to face (turn in a lot)

242
Q

Auditory localization

A

Locating the source of a sound in space
-ears set apart helps

243
Q

Auditory localization occurs due to

A

-sound intensity
-timing of sounds arriving at each ear

244
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Register input but don’t actually consciously register
-extremely silent, low volume
-listening to book while sleeping

245
Q

Subliminal persuasion

A

Sub threshold influences on our behaviour
-very rare
-only right after presentation

246
Q

James viceroy

A

Used rapid flashes during movies to encourage popcorn sales
-below level of conscious stimulation
-subliminal perception

—-> not a lasting behavioural change

247
Q

Strobe and Clauss ice tea study

A

Had ice tea advertisements flash, then participants were offered coke or ice tea
-more people chose ice tea
-but if offered much later, there was no difference
-has to be absolute/immediate

248
Q

Amplititude affects the perception of

A

Brightness

Amplitude = the height of the wave

249
Q

wavelength affects perception of

A

Color/hue

Wavelength = distance between one complete wave

250
Q

Purity influences perception of

A

Saturation (how rich/deep a color appears)

Purity= how cohesive a wave is (not pure would not be consistent with the rest)

251
Q

Light waves vary in

A

Amplitude, wavelength, purity

252
Q

Explain wavelengths do not have color

A

Perception of color is rather the interpretation of the wavelengths

Sensation (wave affecting retinal centres)
Perception (color)

253
Q

Parts of the eye

A
254
Q

Cornea

A

-covers the eye
-lets light in, focuses light onto retina
-clear membrane

255
Q

Lens

A

-focus light onto retina
-flexible and adjusts for near/far objects

256
Q

Accommodations

A

The eyes ability to adjust lens with cilliary muscles

257
Q

focusing on a close object lens will

A

Get fatter/rounder

258
Q

Focusing on distant objects the lens will

A

Flatten out

259
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age related change to visual system and capacity
-difficult to compress lens, changes ability of near point

260
Q

Near point

A

The point at which the lens can no longer adjust to focus an image

261
Q

Myopia vs hyperopia

A

Myopia- near sighted

Hyperopia- far sighted

262
Q

Fovea

A

Responsible for acuity
-found in retina

263
Q

Cones vs rods

A

Cones- color, found in fovea

Rods- black and w, peripheral vision

264
Q

Sicades

A

Movement of eye to assist in maximum light entering retina
-involuntary

265
Q

Why are there more rods than cones

A

Rods cover much more space along retina
-cones are densely in the fovea

266
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Color vision depends on activity of three different color receptor types
-red, green, blue

267
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Color vision is related to opposing responses by blue/yellow and red/green

268
Q

Trichromatic theory explains what well

A

The types of color blindness

269
Q

Trichromats

A

Three kinds of cones

270
Q

Dichromats

A

2 kinds of cones

271
Q

Monchromats

A

1 kind of cone, no color vision

272
Q

Trichromatic theory cannot explain what

A

Afterimages
-looking at a color for a long time, then looking away, you may see a differently coloured replica of the same image

273
Q

Dual process theory

A

Incorporates both trichromatic and opponent process theory to explain color vision

274
Q

Cells in retina from front to back

A

Ganglion to bipolar to photoreceptor

275
Q

Hubel & weisel

A

Found other cells that fire to certain patterns and orientations
-simple (shape) vs complex (shape/location) feature detector cells

276
Q

Feature detector cells

A

Highly selective, respond to specific detections
-specialized for shape, location, conture

277
Q

Sound waves are

A

Vibrations of molecules that travel through a medium

278
Q

Frequency of sound

A

-pitch
-rate at which waves vibrate
-hertz

279
Q

Amplitude of sound

A

-loudness
-intensity of sound, height of wave
-dB

280
Q

Complexity of sound

A

-timbre
-uniqueness of the wave
Allows to distinguish the sound of a trombone from a violin

281
Q

Loudness ___ every ___

A

Doubles every 6-10dB

282
Q

Sounds >120dB

A

Painful, and causes damage

283
Q

Structure of the ear

A
284
Q

Middle ear composed of

A

Ossicles (amplify changes in pressure)

285
Q

Outer ear

A

Ear canal, pinnacle, tympanic membrane

286
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea (fluid filled, contains receptors for hearing)

287
Q

Receptors in cochlea are found in the

A

Basilar membrane

288
Q

Place theory

A

The perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portion or places along basilar membrane

-certain hairs moved more than others (where crest occurs, certain perception occurs)
-wave

289
Q

Frequency theory

A

Perception of pitch corresponds to the rate or frequency
-entire basilar membrane vibrates
-up to 100Hz

290
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Malfunction of ear
-failure in middle/outer ear (eardrum/ossicles)

291
Q

Nerve deafness

A

Due to damage of the auditory nerve

292
Q

Five types of taste

A

-bitter
-sour
-sweet
-salty
-umami (msg)

293
Q

Perception of taste quality depends on

A

-patterns of neural activity
-learned preferences

294
Q

Where does taste info go to

A

Gustatory cortex

295
Q

No tasters vs supertasters vs medium tasters

A
296
Q

Odour perception

A

-complex
-use our experience to interpret

297
Q

Pheromones

A

Odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of ones own species
-humans susceptible
-signals mestruation

298
Q

Flavour is a combination of

A

Of taste and smell

299
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Responsible for sensation of touch, temp and pain

300
Q

Four main components of somatosensory are

A

-nociception
-hapsis
-proprioception
-balance

301
Q

Nocioception

A

Pain and temperature

302
Q

Hapsis

A

Perception of objects using touch and pressure

303
Q

Proprioception

A

Knowledge of the position of your limbs in space

304
Q

Balance

A

Controlled by vestibular system in the inner ear

305
Q

Layers of skin from top to bottom

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

306
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by damage to tissues and inflammation of joints or by tumour cells

307
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Caused by lesions or other damage to nervous system

308
Q

Two types of pain pathways

A

-fast (A delta)
-slow (C fibre)

309
Q

Vestibular system

A

Responds to gravity and keeps body informed of location in space
-balance
-rotation/tilt of head

310
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness of internal and external stimuli
-subjective
-world, bodies, mental perspectives

311
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

-24 hour basis
-biological process of: brain waves, body, temperature and drowsiness

312
Q

Circadian rhythm is regulated by

A

Suprachiasmaatic nucleus or SCN

313
Q

Suprachiasmaatic nucleus

A

Body biological clock
-makes us feel drowsy
-signal pineal gland to release melatonin

314
Q

Kleine-levin syndrome

A

Sleeping beauty disorder
-due to disruptions in Suprachiasmaatic nucleus

315
Q

How much sleep do people need (regular/college/infant)

A

7-10 hours a day
-college students 9
-infants 16

316
Q

Five stages of sleep in order

A

1,2,3,4,3,2,1,rem,1,2

317
Q

Beta waves versus alpha waves

A

B- 12/13 cycles/sec (awake/alert)

A- 8-12 cycles/sec (relaxed/drowsy)

318
Q

Stage 1

A

-light sleep
-5 to 10 minutes long
-changes from alpha/beta (awake) to theta (falling asleep)
-myoclonic jerks and hypnagogic imagery

319
Q

Theta waves

A

4-7 cycles/sec

320
Q

Stage 2

A

-10 to 15 min
-sleep spindles
-k complexes
-heart rate slows, temp decreases, eye movements stop
-theta waves

321
Q

Stage 3

A

-slow wave sleep
-delta waves (very deep)
-20 to 50 percent delta
-help to feel rested

322
Q

Stage 4

A

-slow wave sleep
-delta waves (very deep)
-50+ percent delta waves
-important to feel rested

323
Q

Delta waves

A

0.5 to 2 cycles/second

324
Q

REM sleep

A

-20 to 50 percent of sleep
-last between 20min to 1hour
-eye darts around
-middle ear muscle activity
-bodies paralyzed

325
Q

When does dreaming take place

A

REM and NREM (stages 1-4)
-more commonly in REM

326
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

Experience of becoming aware that you are dreaming while asleep

327
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling and staying asleep
-waking too early, waking up in the night and cannot fall back asleep

328
Q

How to avoid/treat insomnia

A

-going to bed habits
-sleeping pills, or psychotherapy

329
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden sleep periods
-due to genetic factors or brain damage, lack of hormone orexin

330
Q

How to treat narcolepsy

A

-modafinil
-orexin replacement

331
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Blockage of airway during sleep resulting in daytime fatigue

332
Q

Treatment of sleep apnea

A

Weight loss, surgical removal of tonsils, CPAP machine

333
Q

Night terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes
-mainly in childre
-last a few minutes

334
Q

Dreams why?

A

-process emotional memories
-integrate new experiences
-learn strategies
-simulating events to cope later
-reorganize and consolidate memories

335
Q

Freuds dream protection theory

A

Dreams are guardians of sleep
-dreams protect our impulses when we sleep
-transforms impulses into symbols representing wish fulfilment

336
Q

Freuds dream manifest and latent content

A

Manifest- experience in dreams

Latent- hidden meaning behind dreams

337
Q

Activation synthesis

A

Dreams reflect brain activation in sleep

-dreams are brain making sense of random internal generated neural signals

338
Q

Neurocognitive theory

A

Dreams are more than random neural impulses
-reflect concerns and relate to our lived experiences

-dreams are simulations to explore possible outcomes

339
Q

Dream continuity hypothesis

A

Dreams mirror life circumstances

340
Q

What part of the brain plays a big role in dreaming

A

Forebrain

341
Q

Damage to what parts of the brain will affect dreaming ability

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

Psych 104 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions