before Hippocrates

Question 1

pharmaka

Answer 1

• pharmacy or drugs in Greece
• women were known to be knowers of pharmaka and diseases: created a paranoia of women because they could poison their husbands or people in their family

Question 2

divine retribution

Answer 2

disease was seen as divine retribution in that gods would put plagues upon villages or people for disobeying them

Question 3

Podalairus and Machaon

Answer 3

• characters in the Iliad that could have been historical figures
• seen as healing heroes that get wounded, perform medical triage
• similar to Hemotep and Amentep
• become semi divine themselves

Question 4

Miletus

Answer 4

• birthplace of the Greek miracle/ philosophy
• hub for material monists
• very wealthy of a city
• 6th century

Question 5

Material Monists

Answer 5

• natural causation

- all describe nature without personifying nature as a god but rather personifying nature as the aspect itself

Question 6

Thales

Answer 6

• one of the earliest philosophers (6th BCE)

- all things are water and flow like water

Question 7

Anaximander

Answer 7

• everything is mathematical and limitless

Question 8

Anaximenes

Answer 8

• all things are air

- basic physics changes were like air stages

Question 9

Heraclitus

Answer 9

everything is made of fire

Question 10

Emepdocles

Answer 10

• 490-430 BCE
• doctor, poet, philosopher
• legend about him curing a plague in a town which led him to becoming a divine character
• known for: theory of four elements, respiration through hollow tubes, sexual differentiation, preformationism

Question 11

theory of the four elements

Answer 11

Water, earth, fire and air

Elemental change due to love and strife

Question 12

Pre-formationism

Answer 12

Part of the limbs are located in the sperm and fuse with egg to form the entirety of a human

Question 13

The Pythagoreans

Answer 13

Pythagorus: leader and mathematician
arche= all is number
Believed that everything had a mathematical structure and origin
Recognized that fevers had a certain mathematical pattern
- Numerology and periodicity of fevers
- Tertian and quartan patterns of fevers
Diet

Believed that flatulence could cause diseases so did not eat beans or meat
Kind of like a cult

Wanted the world to be structured and had a very strong following

Question 14

Kos/Cos

Answer 14

• Island that Hippocrates came from
• Associated with the snake
• Very close to Turkey and therefore the material monists so exchange of ideas occurred here

Question 15

Asclepiad

Answer 15

Hippocrates linked himself to Asclepius and named himself an asclepiad to help his reputation as a healer because Asclepius was the god of healing
-Temple to Asclepius built in 4th c BCE

Question 16

Hippocrates

Answer 16

-Stole medical cures and knowledge from the temple of Asclepius and then burned it down
-Created the idea of clinics
-Legend: Hippocrates as a Hero
Hippocratic oath: “do no harm”
Hippocrates would not treat Persians because of warring times

Question 17

Anonymous Londinensis

Answer 17

1st c CE
History of Medicine from Aristotle’s school
Gas and Breath cause diseases
Four Humor Theory

Question 18

Four Humor Theory

Answer 18

• Four: Blood, Phlegm, Bile and Yellow Bile

- Common idea that food that entered body would cause diseases which was a similar idea to what the Egyptians believed

Question 19

Hippocratic Corpus

Answer 19

-60 Texts
-Genuine Works
Written by Hippocrates and mainly dealt with basic medicine including fractures and sprains
-Works attributed to Polybus but written in the spirit of Hippocrates
The art of Medicine: response to the critics of medicine
Epidemics: study of diseases that affect large areas

Question 20

Itinerant

Answer 20

• Doctors would travel to sick areas or place to place to treat people
• Did not have a specific location where ill people would come to be treated like a clinic
• Doctors learned to take in environmental factors when travelling

Question 21

techne

Answer 21

• Science in the ancient world
• It was being argued whether medicine was a techne or not because it could be considered an art or craft
• Medicine was also very inconsistent so many believed it was not science

Question 22

iatros

Answer 22

• Physician or doctor in Greek
• Anyone could claim the title of ‘Iatros’ because at the time a doctor did not have to be licensed
• Doctors also had competition between religious healers, nurses, philosophers and others who claimed they could heal them without license
• Doctors had to convince people that they were the best option

Question 23

Hippocratic oath

Answer 23

• The oath reflected the anxieties doctors had of how they were viewed as well as their practice
• The oath swears to Apollo which in the divine world is a binding contract
• This was to relate to the patients that the doctors believed in the gods and that they operate within the religious norms

-Addresses fears of patients
Will not administer poison, pessary, not cut stone, won’t abuse power for sexual indulgences,

Question 24

Kurios

Answer 24

Under the guardianship of another person
Women were under a kurios for all activities and any societal rights were regulated by the women’s kurios
This represents one of the marginalized societies in Greece

Question 25

Oikos

Answer 25

Production of legitimate heirs to pass down inheritance
Fathers would adopt daughter’s husband to pass down inheritance
Women and daughters would not own any inheritance from family

Question 26

Moicheia

Answer 26

-Adultery
-Women might be seduced by a foreigner and might become pregnant
Husband could kill that man and divorce wife
The woman could be sold into slavery, stripped of civil rights, humiliated
-Women were accounted for when it came to adultery and this portrays the fears men had when marrying women

Question 27

Soranus

Answer 27

• 2nd c CE
• Methodist physician who focused on gynecological issues and children
• Would prescribe and follow through with abortions if there was a specific reason
• -Prevent subsequent danger, too young to carry a child, issues with pregnancy
• Shows a misogynistic side of the oath