Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution > BCOR 102: Final Exam > Flashcards

BCOR 102: Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Age structure

A

relative number of individuals in each age class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ways to increase r

A
  1. Reduce age at first reproduction
  2. Increase litter size
  3. Increase number of litters
  4. Increase survivorship of juvenile and reproductive ages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

exploitation competition

A

population growth rates indirectly reduced through use of shared resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

interference competition

A

behavior or activity that reduces the uptake efficiency of another species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hutchinson niche

A

n-dimensional hypervolume that defines a range of conditions for which dn/dt > 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

realized niche

A

effects of other species in the enivornment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

character displacement

A

shifts in body size or morphology of a species in the presence of a competitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ecological assortment

A

if species are “too close” in size or morphology on one of them to go extinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Allopatric

A

living apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sympatric

A

living together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Assumptions of Loka-V predation models

A
  1. no migration, age/size structure, genetic structure, time lags
  2. no carrying capacity for V (rV)
  3. P is a specialist on V population (-qP)
  4. P&V encounter one another randomly in a homogenous environment (Walking Dead)
  5. Individual predators are insatiable (no limit to a predator can eat, constant line of dV/dt = 0)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypothesis 1: Habitat diversity hypothesis

A

more habitats -> more different niches -> more species can coexist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

H2: productivity hypothesis

A

increasing biomass and richness of species at the bottom of the food chain increases diversity at higher levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Keystone predator (foraging strategies)

A

specializes on competitive dominant prey species (richness goes up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

random predator

A

consumes prey in proportions in which it encounters it (richness goes down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

switching predator

A

prefers the most common species in an assemblage (richness goes up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rare species specialist

A

prefers rare species (richness goes down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose presence or absence leads to cascading effects on diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

trophic cascade

A

reciprocal changes in abundance at different levels of a food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

H4: Niche Overlap Hypothesis (3)

A

a. expand resource axis
b. increase resource specialization
c. increased tolerance of overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assumptions of MW model

A
  1. source pool of P mainland species with persistent populations
  2. Probability of colonization is inversely related to distance or isolation of island
  3. probability of an extinction for a population is inversely related to population size
  4. population size is proportional to island area
  5. colonizations and extinctions of different species are independent of each other (species interactions aren’t important)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

evolution (general)

A

sustained change in the phenotype of a system through time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

evolution (biological)

A

change in allele frequencies of a population through time (adaptation and speciation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pleiotropy

A

a single gene affects more than one trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

epistasis

A

gene-gene interactions where the expression of one gene affect the expression of another gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

polygenic

A

small additive effects of many genes on one trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

HW (hardy-weinberg) assumptions

A
  1. no mutations
  2. no migration
  3. random mating
  4. no natural selection
  5. large population size
  6. random segregation of alleles at meiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

positive assortative mating

A

more frequent mating between similar phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

random mating

A

mate choice is independent of genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

negative assortative mating

A

more frequent matings between dissimilar phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

inbreeding

A

more frequent matings between close relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Autozygous alleles

A

2 alleles in an individual that are identical by descent from a single ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

allozygous alleles

A

2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent from 2 different ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes in allele frequency due to random segregation of alleles in small population (when N < 100)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Founder effect

A

a population is colonized by only a few individuals –> carry a small number of alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bottleneck

A

a population that temporarily shrinks in size

37
Q

tautology

A

self-referencing definition
ex. “survival of the fittest”

38
Q

Natural selection

A

differential survival (and/or reproduction) of individuals with heritable traits

39
Q

Assumptions of Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals exhibit variation in their traits
  2. At least some of that variation has a heritable component
  3. All individuals produce more offspring than can survive
  4. Particular trait variance enhance survival in particular environments
40
Q

Mean fitness

A

average fitness of the individuals in the population after random mating and selection (w-bar)

41
Q

Modern synthesis

A
  1. Evolutionary phenomenon
    - changes in allele frequencies
    - evolution of adaptions
    - speciation
    - can be explained by mechanisms consistent with Mendelian inheritance
  2. evolution is gradual
  3. Natural selection is strongest mechanism of evolution
  4. Genetic diversity in populations reflects current + past selection
  5. Microevolutionary change can lead to macroevolutionary responses
42
Q

Science

A

asking and answering of verifiable questions

43
Q

Parsimony

A

favor simple explanation over complex ones

44
Q

Consilience

A

Consistency or convergence with other established facts and ideas

45
Q

Inductive method

A
  • francis bacon
    1. observation
    2. hypothesis
    3. predictions
    loop
46
Q

paradigm

A

a view of nature that implicitly defines legitimate questions and problems

47
Q

Thomas Kuhn method

A
  1. Paradigm
  2. puzzle-solving
  3. anomalies
  4. crisis
  5. scientific revolution
48
Q

Hypothetic-deductive method

A

-popper
1. observation and hypothesis
2. multiple hyothesis
3. try to refute hypothesis

49
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

no biological mechanism at work, instead the patterns are produced by sampling error and other forms/sources of variation

50
Q

Randomness

A

a mixture of measurement and sources of variation too complex to measure and/or not of primary interest

51
Q

Type I error

A

incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis

52
Q

Type II error

A

incorrectly accept a null hypothesis that is false

53
Q

Ecology

A

distribution (=where things occur) and abundance (=population size)

54
Q

Population ecology

A

group of (interbreeding) individuals of the same species living in the same place

55
Q

Assumptions of exponential growth

A
  1. No I (immigration) or E (emmigration)
  2. No genetic structure; all genotypes have same survival potential
  3. No age or size structure: the birth and death rates do not depend on how big/old a specimen is
  4. Continuous growth with no time lags
  5. Constant b (birth) and d (death)
56
Q

Assumptions of logistic growth

A
  1. No I (immigration) or E (emmigration)
  2. No genetic structure; all genotypes have same survival potential
  3. No age or size structure: the birth and death rates do not depend on how big/old a specimen is
  4. Continuous growth with no time lags
  5. Constant carrying capacity (K)
57
Q

K

A

carrying capacity maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a local population

58
Q

Semelparous

A

all reproduction occurs in a single age class

59
Q

iteroparous

A

repeated reproduction in 2 or more age classes

60
Q

Experimental Design

A
  1. Replication
  2. Randomization
  3. Independence
  4. measurement of uncontrolled covariates
  5. Appropriate controls
61
Q

randomization

A

individuals are assigned randomly to different treatment groups

62
Q

Independence

A

responses of individuals in one treatment do not affect responses in a different treatment

63
Q

ecotype

A

genetically distinct varieties from different locations

64
Q

Common garden experiment

A

raise ecotypes under identical environmental conditions

65
Q

local adaption

A

populations have highest fitness in the environments in which they originated

66
Q

Speciation

A

evolution of reproductive isolation

67
Q

Species (biological definition)

A

groups of populations that are reproductively isolated from each other

68
Q

Species (taxonomic definition)

A

populations that can be reliably distinguished on the basis of morphological, biochemical, or genomic differences

69
Q

Pre-mating isolating mechanisms

A
  1. seasonal, habitiat isolation
  2. ethological isolation
  3. mechanical isolation
70
Q

Post-mating isolating mechanisms

A

Gamete mortality
-Mortality at the development of the sperm/egg
Zygote mortality
-Mortality of the embryo
Hybrid mortality
-Mortality after birth
Hybrid sterility

71
Q

geographical mechanisms of speciation

A
  1. allopatric speciation
  2. peripheral speciation
  3. sympatric speciation
72
Q

dichotomy

A

the branch points, the speciation event

73
Q

Polytomy

A

more than 2 branch points at a speciation event

74
Q

Sister species

A

two species sharing a most recent common ancestor

75
Q

Sister taxa

A

any grouping sharing a most common recent ancestor

76
Q

Monophyletic group

A

an ancestor and all of its descendants

77
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

an incorrect grouping

78
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared derived character states

79
Q

sex

A

the recombination of genetic material in two individuals (multicellular, eukaryotic) through meiosis and fertilization

80
Q

disadvantages of sex

A
  1. energy, time investments
  2. exposure to predators
  3. exposure to STD
  4. transmots only 50% of alleles
81
Q

Altruism

A

behavior increases the fitness of another individual at the expense of your own fitness

82
Q

Group selection

A

groups of individuals that cooperate will have higher fitness that groups of selfish individuals

83
Q

Kin selection

A

favors altruism towards related individuals

84
Q

Advantages of sex

A
  1. avoidance of Muller’s rachet
  2. DNA repair easier with 2 copies
  3. evolutionary arms race between hosts & parasites
  4. sexual reproduction generates genetic variation in its offspring
85
Q

Darwin: sexual selection

A

evolution has traits associated with successful mating

86
Q

Bateman’s principle

A

sexual selection should be strongest on males who are potentially competing for access to females

87
Q

Bateman’s steps

A
  1. male to male competition for access to mates
  2. attracting females
88
Q

Female choice

A
  1. females look for cues indicating high male fitness
  2. resources, nuptial gifts
  3. run-away sexual selection: causes favorable trait to increase

BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions