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BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution > BCOR 102: Exam 4 > Flashcards

BCOR 102: Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

classical model

A

“mendel’s model”
genetic variation is low
alternative alleles are rare, recessive, deleterious

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2
Q

Balance model

A

low levels of genetic variation but selection favoring heterozygosity

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3
Q

Neutral model

A

homozygous or heterozygous has no benefits or harmful effect from each other
(most alleles are neutral)

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4
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

Point mutation
can be beneficial or detrimental

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5
Q

silent mutation

A

does not change amino acid sequence

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6
Q

neutral mutation

A

change amino acid sequence, but not protein function

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7
Q

start/stop mutation

A

often lethal, codes a premature stop codon which ends a polypeptide early

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8
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

an inserted or deleted nucleotide, resulting in a shift in the reading frame

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9
Q

u (meuw)

A

mutation rate (mutations/gene locus/generation)

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10
Q

q(v)t : frequency of B allele after t generations

A

qt = 1 - Poe^(-ut)

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11
Q

q(v)o

A

1-Po

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12
Q

q-hat (for back mutation)

A

u/(u+v)

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13
Q

p-hat (for back mutation)

A

v/(u+v)

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14
Q

Po (migration)

A

initial allele frequency in resident population

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15
Q

Pm (migration)

A

frequency of allele in migrant population

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16
Q

m

A

migrant fraction
the proportion of population consisting of new migrants each generation

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17
Q

1-m

A

resident/fraction
proportion consisting of non-migrants

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18
Q

Pt equation

A

(1-m)^t (Po-Pm) + Pm

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19
Q

one-way migration

A

can lead to changes in local allele frequency

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20
Q

two-way migration

A

genetic homogeneous

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21
Q

random mating

A

mate choice is independent of genotype

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22
Q

positive assortative mating

A

more frequent mating between similar phenotypes

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23
Q

negative assortative mating

A

more frequent matings between dissimilar phenotypes

24
Q

inbreeding

A

more frequent matings between close relatives

25
Q

inbreeding coefficient (F)

A

1 - (H/Ho)
probability that 2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent from 1 ancestor

26
Q

Ho

A

expected heterozygosity with random mating (2pq)

27
Q

H

A

observed heterozygosity in the population

28
Q

Autozygous alleles

A

2 alleles in an individual that are identical by descent from a single ancestor

29
Q

allozygous alleles

A

2 alleles in an individual are identical by descent from 2 different ancestors

30
Q

cost of inbreeding (short term)

A

increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles

31
Q

cost of inbreeding (long term)

A

loss of heterozygosity

32
Q

Benefits of inbreeding

A

preservation of a “coadapted” gene complex

33
Q

Genetic drift

A

changes in allele frequency due to random segregation of alleles in small population (when N < 100)

34
Q

N(v)E

A

effective population size vs N: total population size

35
Q

Effective population size

A

= equivalent number of individuals in a truly random mating population

36
Q

Founder effect

A

a population is colonized by only a few individuals –> carry a small number of alleles

37
Q

bottleneck

A

a population that temporarily shrinks in size

38
Q

Unbalanced sex ratio (N(v)E equation)

A

N(v)E = ((4)(Nm)(NF))/(NM + NF)

39
Q

Limited dispersal (NE equation)

A

NE = 4(pi)(d)(x)
d = density (# of indiv./area)
x = dispersal distance from the place of birth to the place of mating

40
Q

Four Horsemen (Mutation)

A

change in allelic freq. = yes (unlikely)
change in genotype freq. = yes (unlikely
strength of change = weak
fixation = yes (unlikely; no with back mutation)
new alleles = yes
predictable = yes

41
Q

Four Horsemen (Migration)

A

change in allelic freq. = yes
change in genotype freq. = yes
strength of change = strong
fixation = yes
new alleles = yes
predictable = yes

42
Q

Four Horsemen (Non-random mating)

A

change in allelic freq. = no (yes with recessive lethals)
change in genotype freq. = yes
strength of change = weak
fixation = no (yes with recessive lethals)
new alleles = no
predictable = yes

43
Q

Four Horsemen (Genetic drift)

A

change in allelic freq. = yes
change in genotype freq. = yes
strength of change = strong
fixation = yes
new alleles = no
predictable = no (chance process)

44
Q

tautology

A

self-referencing definition
ex. “survival of the fittest”

45
Q

Natural selection

A

differential survival (and/or reproduction) of individuals with heritable traits

46
Q

Assumptions of Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals exhibit variation in their traits
  2. At least some of that variation has a heritable component
  3. All individuals produce more offspring than can survive
  4. Particular trait variance enhance survival in particular environments
47
Q

Model of Natural Selection and Random Mating (7 Steps)

A
  1. Given (initial genotype counts and relative fitness values of each genotype)
  2. Calculate initial genotypic and allelic frequencies in a population (Po, qo)
  3. Calculate genotypic frequencies AFTER random mating
  4. Calculate genotype frequencies AFTER selection
  5. Normalize genotype frequencies (sum of the genotype frequencies is 1)
  6. Calculate new allele frequencies (P1 and Q1)
  7. Calculate new genotype frequencies after random mating
48
Q

Mean fitness

A

average fitness of the individuals in the population after random mating and selection (w-bar)

49
Q

selection coefficient

A

a measure of selection against a genotype

50
Q

Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

A

natural selection maximizes w-bar

51
Q

Modern synthesis

A
  1. Evolutionary phenomenon
    - changes in allele frequencies
    - evolution of adaptions
    - speciation
    - can be explained by mechanisms consistent with Mendelian inheritance
  2. evolution is gradual
  3. Natural selection is strongest mechanism of evolution
  4. Genetic diversity in populations reflects current + past selection
  5. Microevolutionary change can lead to macroevolutionary responses
52
Q

Co-adapted gene complex

A

A winning combination of alleles in a particular environment

53
Q

Selection Scenario: Against a recessive allele

A

w1 = 1
w2 = 1
w3 = 1-s3
result: relatively slow elimination of B allele
w-bar = –>1.0
Final # of alleles: 1 allele (A)

54
Q

Selection Scenario: Against a recessive lethal

A

w1 = 1
w2 = 1
w3 = 0
result: relatively slow elimination of B allele
w-bar = –>1.0
Final # of alleles: 1 allele (A)

55
Q

Selection Scenario: aganist a recessive + mutation

A

w1 = 1
w2 = 1
w3 = 1-s3
result: equilibrium
w-bar = <1.0
Final # of alleles: 2 alleles

56
Q

Selection Scenario: against a dominant allele

A

w1 = 1-s1
w2 = 1 - s2
w3 = 1
result: relatively rapid elimination of A allele
w-bar = –>1.0
Final # of alleles: 1 allele (B)

57
Q

Selection Scenario: Favoring the heterozygote

A

w1 = 1-s1
w2 = 1
w3 = 1-s3
result: equilibrium
w-bar = <1.0
Final # of alleles: 2 alleles

BCOR 102: Ecology and Evolution (4 decks)

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