BCM Exam 2013 Flashcards
1
Q
Normalization
A
refers to social processes through which ideas and actions come to be seen as “normal” and become taken-for-granted or ‘natural’ in everyday life
2
Q
Hegemony
A
the capacity to exert control by means other than coercive force; namely through constructing a willing mass acquiescence towards, and participation in, social projects that are beneficial only to an elite
3
Q
Lemos & Agrawal (2006)
A
Environmental Governance refers to the set of regulatory processes, mechanisms and organizations through which political actors influence environmental actions and outcomes.
4
Q
Mills (2003)
A
- Focault focuses on institutional processes that establish something as fact or knowledge
- it is not possible for power to be exercised without knowledge, it is impossible for knowledge not to engender power: calls this power/knowledge
- western colonial imposing western system of classification as they produce information about colonies
- knowledge always benefiting some group
- truth is still there, just hard to pull it away from the power it is connected to and see it for itself not part on the power/knowledge complex
5
Q
Carolan (2009)
A
- This is not a biodiversity hotspot
- maps are subjugating reality into a value based representation
- hotspots inherently devalue other areas, even though low richness wetlands provide high ecosystem services
- maps make things appear permanent, doesn’t recognize nature in flux
- species problem, biological, ecological, and phylogenetic ideas of species
- more transparency of assumptions needed
6
Q
Myers et al. (2000)
A
- set up biodiversity hotspots
- must have a at least 0.5% of the world’s vascular plants as endemics and have lost at least 70% of its original habitat
7
Q
Wong et al. (2007)
A
- What is a forest?
- Mapping and classification of forest leads to reverence of forest in particular value set
- Royal Forestry Department (descendant of german and british colonial heritage) vegetative classification promotes silvicultural and conservation values, not livelihood usage of local Karen (use succession dynamics, 15 year fallow system)
- production of fact not neutral, comes from political and social processes
- classification messy, forests are a changing thing, RFD had to change from forestry to conservation after mudslide event
8
Q
McGough (2012 MT)
A
- CITES
- scientific authorities that give non detrimental findings or suggest listing, get complicated with politics of trade
- CoP has final say on listings
9
Q
Oldfield (2003)
A
- The trade in wildlife: regulation for conservation
- focused on charismatic megafauna
- criticized for no recognizing role of animal trade in rural livelihoods in developing countries
- Species subject to CITES regulations often continued to decline
- Some evidence suggests CITES regulations can push trade underground, or reduce return on investment for traders and remove incentive to protect habitat
- humans tend to try and simplify complex problems, but this can be a dangerous policy
- thinking regulations are effective can evoke a passive approach
10
Q
Dongol & Heinen (2012)
A
- Pitfalls of CITES implementation in Nepal
- “CITES has been considered the most successful international conservation agreement on legal grounds (Ong 1998), despite voluminous reporting of ineffective implementation and compliance”
- still many CITES violations in Nepal, including rhinoceros and snow leopard and tiger
- political flux as Nepal becomes a republic, and increased animal trade demand from China
- many wardens have little judicial understanding and thus don’t act as the prosecutors they are supposed to be
- little socio-economic benefit for marginalized locals to participate in enforcement
11
Q
Ginsburg (2002)
A
- CITES at 30 or 40
- frivolous listings detract from real species threatened by trade and hamper zoo genetic and breeding research
- Many species not listed who are threatened by trade, namely Asian turtles
- The southern African countries, with the support of consumer nations such as Japan, Korea, and China, argued that trade provided an income to range states so they could protect elephants.
- showed that countries with strong property-rights systems and community wildlife programs experienced more rapid recovery of elephant populations, whereas those that were politically unstable had slower population growth rates or population declines
12
Q
Guha (1997)
A
- The authoritarian biologist and the arrogance of antihumanism
- ecologically updated version of the white man’s burden
- conservationist treat everyone as a first worlder in terms of environmental impact, and expect others to make the sacrifices for conservation
- tribal peoples thrown out of forest in India where they have lived for centuries in order to save 40 tigers, who arguably are in trouble because of poachers and factories, not tribals → in the meanwhile Taj company is invited to build a hotel there
- Michael Soule scared the language of policy documents has become too humanistic and less ecocentric, and that more managers in international conservation orginizations are economists and lawyers, not biologists
13
Q
Walker (2005)
A
- Political Ecology, where is the ecology?
- incorporating third world culture into globalizing capitalistic economy put greater resources demands on them and interrupts sustainable relationship they had with the local ecology
- argues that, despite the claims of critics, there is a great deal of research in political ecology that engages biophysical ecology as a central concern.However,as political ecology continues to expand in new directions, the degree to which it is likely to retain or enhance this engagement with ecology appears open to question
14
Q
Redford (2011)
A
- Misreading the conservation landscape
- I have come to understand that conservation is about politics and power, about people and societies and history, about morals and values, and about how people view the world and make decisions—all fields of study in the social sciences
- Conservation practitioners not just monolithic powers described in literature, humans with human ends and all the foibles and institutional constraints that characterize human endeavors
15
Q
Lele (2011)
A
- A response to redford
- Biodiversity conservation has been somewhat harder to fit into conventional social goals, partly because of the claim of many conservationists, and natural scientists of that bent, that nature has intrinsic value, thereby putting concern for nature on a higher plane than so-called anthropocentric concerns such as poverty and social justice, or even the material value of nature
- Conservation is a goal to which conservation- ists subscribe. They use generalized knowledge from all relevant academic disciplines, natural and social, plus their own experiential knowledge to decide on particular actions in particular contexts to achieve their particular goal.
- On the other hand, social scientists are academics, seeking better explanations or narratives of the social world, just as biologists do for the biological world
- not us biologists and them sociologists working together in an interdisciplinary setting, conservation is a separate thing altogether
16
Q
Goodhart’s Law
A
-When a measure becomes a target it ceases to be a good measure
17
Q
Moore (2009)
A
- Elephant conservation in Namibia
- To back up their conservation actions donors simplified locals to romantic animal lovers or savage elephant destroyers
- utilitarian (donors said people need to get some benefit from elephants to save them, negative language) vs. preservationist stance, Namibia took utilitarian
18
Q
Barua (2011)
A
- Mobolizing metaphors
- Keystones were metaphorically linked with balance, flagships with representation and umbrella species with protection, this influenced public interpretation of terminology
- In other words, when a surrogate rather than an outcome is made a target for the purpose of conducting policy, actions quickly migrate toward maximizing the surrogate independent of outcomes
- (1) communication is largely biased towards mammals, (2) everyday language plays a vital role in the interpretation of concepts, and (3) metaphors influence peoples’ actions and understanding
19
Q
Levine (2007)
A
- staying afloat Zanzibar
- funding for international conservation shifted from directly funding developing states to privatization and decentralization of natural resource management
- Zanzibar set up Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act
- allows external organizations to be protected area managers with the government as an intermediary in contacting local people → keeps international funds coming
- allows creation of protected areas when government funds are limited
- creates situation where government’s struggle to stay relevant is an impediment to conservation/development-creates incentive against community based programs because that takes away power of state
- States struggling for relevancy
- Failures often blamed on state corruption, but little focus on how neo-liberal policies have corruption with creation of extra-legal transnational networks
20
Q
Mosse (2004)
A
- Is good policy unimplimentable?
- Focusing on the unfolding activities of a development project over more than ten years as it falls under different policy regimes, this article challenges the assumption that development practice is driven by policy, suggesting that the things that make for ‘good policy’ — policy which legitimizes and mobilizes political support — in reality make it rather unimplementable within its chosen institutions and regions
- Rural development project in western India
21
Q
Ogra & Badola (2008)
A
- Compensating human-wildlife conflict in PA areas, India
- Our results broadly support the findings of other studies which have identified inadequate remuneration, processing delays, and corruption as key problems
- Wealthier people more likely to apply for compensation
- Transaction costs in getting to office and obtaining correct documents
- painted as being charitable for paying for HWC
- Actually aggravates situation
22
Q
Adams et al. (2004)
A
- Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty
- protected areas effective at species conservation, but often take away land usage opportunities and have negative effect on poverty
- MDG based upon combining poverty alleviation and conservation, doesn’t mean its plausible
- The links between biodiversity and livelihoods, and between conservation and poverty reduction, are dynamic and locally specific. In most cases, hard choices will be necessary between goals, with significant costs to one goal or the other
23
Q
Collins et al. (2011)
A
- Pleiotrophy and charisma undermines winners and losers in the REDD+ game
- pleiotrophically linked species (those most threatened by pure habitat loss) most likely to benefit from REDD+
- Charismatic species can generate funds on their own, non-charismatic non-pleiotrophic species need help
24
Q
Dickman et al. (2011)
A
- Paying for predators
- Payements to encourage coexistence (PEC), essentially payments for those negatively effected by HWC
- PEC approaches can be valuable in converting the benefits of carnivores from an abstract externality to a tangible reality for local people
- Need to outweigh local costs incurred
25
Q
Bumpus & Liverman (2008)
A
- Accumulation by decarbonation
- Kyoto allows developed countries to meet targets by buying offsets from developing countries
- Carbon offsets have to be environmentally additional ie. Reduce emissions from what they would have been in business as usual, hard to prove
- for a country to be in CDM has to be signatory of Kyoto
26
Q
Buscher et al. (2012)
A
- Towards a synthesized critique of neoliberal biodiversity conservation
- neoliberal view that in order for nature to be saved there has to be a profit attached to it
- capitalistic expansion obviously unsustainable, but neoliberalism’s views can incorporate saving nature as part of a capitalistic system
- trusting market forces to restore ecological equilibrium is short sighted and dangerous
27
Q
Kosoy and Corbera (2010)
A
- neoliberal valuation of ecosystems simplifies a complex system
- water flows and allows continuation of deforestation of old growth forests and their replacement
- what about non linearity and unpredictability of ecology - how will this affect shifts in price and value of ecosystems as well as shifts in ownership as they move spatially.
28
Q
McCarthy & Prudham (2004)
A
- Neoliberal nature
- Commonality between these: not the impulse for ‘safe or wise use’, but rather legitimization of a particular social order.
- Contrast: classical liberalism had rich debates on limits to growth, neoliberalism seems to have blind faith in technology instead.
29
Q
McLaughlin et al. (2001)
A
- Frames
- socially constructed categories for shared meaning
30
Q
Tarrow (1992)
A
-Frames are always partial and capture the understandings of particular groups
“When frames include collective actions that attract widespread consent they become institutionalised and determine policy, scientific, management and cultural practices”
31
Q
Jepson et al. (2011)
A
- What is a conservation actor?
- ANT provides critical view that non-humans (animals, certification schemes) can be actors
32
Q
Jepson & Ladle (2010)
A
- 8 predictions for future of conservation
- 1) Climate change will cause huge shifts in the composition and structure of ecosystems, necessitating a major rethink of conservation strategy and focus. 2) technology will develop, increasing the kinds of interventions available to conservationists. 3) the world population will change, present predictions show it increasing to 2060-2070 then declining. 4) social values will continue to change, not necessarily in a manner favourable to conservation.
33
Q
Gardner (2008)
A
- The cost effectiveness of biodiversity surveys
- Compare cost and benefits of monitoring high performance indicator taxa to better use scarce resources
- More business like approach to biodiversity monitoring
34
Q
Vera (2000)
A
-Wood-pasture hypothesis (Europe)
35
Q
Birks (2005)
A
- Can reject wood-pasture hyposthesis
- In favore of high forest hyptohesis
36
Q
Laurance et al. (2012)
A
- Leakage, intensifying land use around protected areas because of barring off those resources
- Found many factors worsening both inside and outside reserves
- Argues for more buffer zones and connectivity and benefitting local communities to reduce use
37
Q
Cardoso et al. (2011)
A
- Impediments to invertebrate conservation
- Ecosystem services unknown to general public
- Policy makers unaware of importance, falsely assume they will be protected by protecting umbrella species
- 4 shortfalls
38
Q
Bini et al. (2006)
A
- Modeling to account for wallacean and linnean shortfalls in biome in Brazil
- Took into account recently discovered species range, niches and sampling effort and modeling possible undescribed species
- Model suggested moving reserve system farther north
39
Q
Lozier et al. (2009)
A
- Ecological niche modeling (ENM)
- Modeled Sasquatch to prove bad data can provide good looking results
40
Q
Restrepo et al. (2012)
A
-Long term ecology shows much greater rate of ecological change since human development
41
Q
Callicot et al. (1999)
A
- Normative Concepts in Conservation
- Compositional views more apt for preserves, views Homo sapiens as apart from nature
- Functional views more apt fro places where humans inhabit/exploit, views Homo sapiens as a part of nature
- local extinction within functional groups is inevitable and frequent, but adjacent biodiversity reserves ensures that any ecosystem failure will be short lived → compositional and functional views have to work together
- functionalism → embed human economies in the large and more enduring economy of nature
42
Q
Barlow et al. (2012)
A
- How pristine are tropical forests?
- debates of “naturalness” of little relevance to modern conservation and can detract from other issues facing rain forests
- danger of extrapolating findings from a few well studied sites to entire basin → pre-columbian human influence fascinating to study but of little importance to Amazonian conservation on the whole
- pre-columbian human in Amazonia were spatial → higher around settled areas down to light hunting pressures in remote areas
43
Q
Willis & Birks (2006)
A
- What is natural?
- paleoecology provides valuable long term data on the dynamics of existing ecosystems
- there are no temporal records spanning more than 50 years in any of the key biodiversity assessments published int eh last 7 years
- increased spatial and temporal resolution of paleoecological data
44
Q
Coffey et al. (2011)
A
- When is an invasive not?
- Galapagos had 62 vascular plants labeled as “doubtful natives
- paleobotany confirmed 6 of these doubtful natives were actually native
- Most doubtful natives seem to have had declines in the time after human arrival and have had recent population increases
45
Q
Moritz (1994)
A
- Defining ESU for conservation
- Evolutionarily significant units (ESU)
- Usually defined with mtDNA as it evolves slowly, reciprocal monophyly
- Management Units (MU) even more specific, within and ESU where no reciprocal monophyly but divergent allele frequencies a nuclear or mitochondrial loci
- ensures evolutionary heritage is recognized and protected
46
Q
Kelt & Brown (2000)
A
- Species as units of analysis
- ESU can’t be distinguished morphologically so not a practical approach
- Most museum specimens and previous studies can’t be assigned to ESU, no comparative studies
- fossil record can’t show phylogenetic species
47
Q
Dillion et al (2005)
A
- The implications of diverse species concepts for African birds
- Splitting the 1572 biological species resulted in 2098 phylogenetic species. Thus there are 526 more phylogenetic than biological species, which is an increase of 33.5%
- We found only limited differences using these two species concepts, and no new centres of endemism
- In contrast, known areas of high endemism become more complex, while other areas retain very low levels of narrow endemism. Although larger areas are needed to protect all phylogenetic species, these need not be placed in completely new regions, which is positive news for conservation.
- Some gaps could still result from strict adherence to BSC, use sub-species inlegislation
48
Q
Fernandes et al (2012)
A
- Phylogegography of the chestnut tailed antbird
- Rivers do seem to give rise to speciation
- The data revealed three genetically divergent and monophyletic groups in M. hemimelaena, which can also be distinguished by a combination of morphological and vocal characters
- Species not sufficient to protect all diversity from development
49
Q
Clements (1916)
A
- Communities as super organisms
- determined by climate and edaphic conditions
- Coined biomes
50
Q
Martín (2009)
A
- Are the IUCN standard home-range thresholds a good indicator
- Area of whole of Canaries is below range threshold for IUCN, all endemics are endangered, money has to go into monitoring, robs species that are actually endangered
- Need to distinguish between species that need action to prevent extinction and those that could be at risk simply because of their rarity but not current in decline
- Number of locations inhabited depends on minimum distance between locations
51
Q
Rabinowitz (1981)
A
- 7 forms of rarity
- Habitat breadth, geographic range, abundance
52
Q
Lennon et al (2001)
A
- The geographical structure of bird distribution
- Areas of species richness change with changing scales, cannot be divorced from one another
53
Q
Mckinney (2002)
A
- Do human activities increase species richness
- Do human activity induced alien species outnumbered extinct/threatened native species resulting in higher diversity at scale of US states?
- yes for plants. The higher the human density the more plants there are
- humans bring in plants for different purposes
- no for freshwater fishes
54
Q
Pautosso (2007)
A
- Scale dependence of the correlation between human pop and richness
- Human presence is generally negatively related to species richness locally, but the relationship is positive at coarse scales
- the broad-scale positive correlation between human presence and species richness suggests that people have preferentially settled and generally flourished in areas of high biodiversity and/or have contributed to it with species introductions and habitat diversification. The scale dependency of the correlation between people and biodiversity’s presence emphasizes the importance of the preservation of green areas in densely populated regions.
55
Q
Whittaker et al (2005)
A
- Conservation biogeography assessment and prospect
- species occupying large ranges tend to be more abundant throughout those ranges than range-restricted species
- A crucial distinction is that between (a) the geographical extent of a study system, being the space over which observations are made, e.g. a hillside, a state, a continent; and (b) the grain (focus) of the data, being the contiguous area over which a single observation is made, or at which data are aggregated for analysis, e.g. a light trap, 1 ha plot, or latitude–longitude grid cell
56
Q
Crooks & Soulé (1999)
A
- Mesopredator release
- Mammalian carnivores much more susceptible to extinction in fragmented habitats
- This can lead to rise of smaller carnivores (mesopredator release) that prey on birds, causing sever decline in bird numbers
- This is particularly devastating when the mesopredators are domestic cats
