BCEE Flashcards by Marie Cruz

The contents in jet loop reactor are mixed through
A. compressed air
B. a mechanical agitator
C. external pumping
D. any of these

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The specific growth rate (μ) is defined as
A. the concentration of biomass in the reactor
B. rate of increase of total biomass in a reactor
C. the rate of individual cells division or increase in their
biomass
D. the rate of cell death

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The number of baffles in a standard stirred tank bioreactor is
A. 8
B. 6
C. 4
D. 2

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In the stationary phase
A. growth is proportional to death
B. growth rate is equal to death rate
C. growth rate is lesser than death rate
D. no co-relation exist between death rate and growth rate

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Which of the following is an example of a mathematical model?
A. Volume of cuboid = length x breadth x height
B. The Monod Model
C. The Michaelis Menten Equation
D. All of the above

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Chemostats work on the principle of
A. maintaining constant volume of culture medium
B. maintaining continuous flow of nutrients
C. maintaining uniform nutrients concentration
D. operating at higher pressure

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During the exponential phase the maximum specific growth rate
equals specific growth rate as
A. concentration of the growth limiting substrate is much
less than the monod constant
B. concentration of growth limiting substrate is much
greater than the monod constant
C. specific growth rate increases exponentially
D. concentration of the growth limiting substrate is equal
to the monod constant

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An internal draft tube is preferred to an external draft tube
because
A. it is easier to clean and sterilize a reactor
B. it is cheaper to build a reactor with an internal draft
tube
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. none of the above

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A functional relationship between the specific growth rate and
essential compounds concentration was proposed by Monod in
A. 1958
B. 1946
C. 1942
D. 1950

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Lag phase occurs mainly due to
A. acclimatization with new environment and substrate
B. higher growth temperature
C. substrate disliking
D. variation in substrate concentration

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In a batch reactor specific growth rate
A. remains constant throughout the process
B. increases exponentially
C. changes during the fermentation
D. is highest during the stationary phase

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Residence time distribution (RTD) of a reactor is independent of
A. micro mixing
B. volume of reactor
C. height of the reactor
D. width of the reactor

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The optical density sometimes drops during the lag phase
because
A. cells tend to grow without dividing leading to a
decrease in the surface area to volume ratio
B. of fast cell growth causing them to fill up with DNA
C. cells swell up with water
D. cells swell up with RNA

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Biomass concentrations during fermentation is
A. diluting the samples to optical density less than 0.3
B. monitored by controlling the changes in biomass
concentrations
C. considering that optical density is proportional to the
surface area of the biomass in the sample
D. all of the above

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The application of just in time (JIT) manufacturing techniques in
biotechnology is important because
A. raw materials used in biotechnology are biodegradable
B. the products of biotechnology are biodegradable
C. it is a very competitive business (d) all of the above
D. all of the above

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The bubble column fermenter is usually limited to
A. aerobic fermentations
B. anaerobic fermentations
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. facultative fermentation

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added and from which no waste products are removed is called
a __________ culture.
A. continuous
B. batch
C. fed-batch
D. semi continuous

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If the specific growth rate, μ. is constant with time during the
exponential growth period, the equation correlating bacterial
number density Cn), cell number concentration with respect to
time can be expressed as
A. Cn= Cn0 exp[μ (t - t0)]
B. Cn0 = Cn exp[μ (t - t0)]
C. Cn/Cn0 =(1/μ)exp(t-t0)
D. Cn0 / Cn = (1/μ)exp(t-t0)

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The diameter of the baffles in a standard stirred tank bioreactor
ranges from
A. 1/10th - 1/12th of the tank diameter
B. 1/3rd - 1/4th of the tank diameter
C. 1/15th - 1/20th of the tank diameter
D. 1/20th - 1/25th of the tank diameter

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During the log phase cell numbers increase exponentially
A. because cells produce enzymes
B. because cells do not have cell membranes
C. because cells are autocatalysts
D. because the rate of cell division increases
exponentially

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Turbidostat is recommended when continuous fermentation
needs to be carried out at
A. high dilution rates near the washout point
B. low dilution rates near the washout point
C. moderate dilution rates near the washout point
D. any intensity of dilution rates near the washout point

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The advantage of airlift bioreactors over stirred tank bioreactors
of a similar size is
A. higher oxygen transfer rates
B. more uniform shear conditions
C. both (a) and (b)
D. less foaming

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The specific growth rate is affected by
A. substrate concentration
B. product concentration
C. oxygen supply
D. all of these

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Stirred tank fermenter (STF) can be employed for
A. aerobic fermentation of a wide range of cells including
microbial, animal and plant cells
B. anaerobic fermentation of a wide range of cells
including microbial, animal and plant cells
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. anaerobic fermentation of plant cells only

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The main function(s) of a draft tube in an air lift fermenter is/are to A. increase the solubility of oxygen B. distribute shear forces throughout the reactor and minimise bubble coalescence C. concentrate shear forces around the sparger D. concentrate shear forces near the disengagement zone

Which of the following is incorrect? A. The mechanical agitation and aeration are effective for suspension of cells B. The mechanical agitation and aeration are effective for mixing the medium C. STF can't be used for high viscosity medium D. The mechanical agitation and aeration are effective for oxygenation

The contents in bubble column and air lift reactor are mixed through A. compressed air B. a mechanical internal moving part C. external pumping D. any of these

Which of the following statements would be appropriate while comparing bubble column and air lift fermenter of the same size? A. The average bubble size is smaller in an airlift bioreactor B. Oxygen transfer rate is higher in an airlift bioreactor C. The surface area for gas exchange is higher in an airlift bioreactor D. All of the above

During the lag phase A. cells just start growing B. cells synthesize new proteins and membrane components C. cells produce antibiotics to kill competing organisms D. cells simply grow slowly

Concentration of the growth limiting substrate means A. trace elements concentration B. the concentration of the substrate that controls the growth rate of the cells C. sugar concentration in the fermentation medium D. dissolved oxygen concentration

Tower fermentors are used for A. continuous penicillin production B. continuous beer production C. production of enzymes D. batch production of beer

In wastewater treatment, which bioreactor is generally used? A. Plug flow reactor B. Trickle bed reactor C. Tower fermentor D. CSTR

The contents in stirred tank rector are mixed through A. compressed air B. a mechanical agitator C. external pumping D. any of these

The height to diameter ratio (H/D) for the tank fermenters is A. <3 B. >3 C. <1.5 D. >1.5

The relatively large volume (10 to 40% of total fermenter volume) of the seed culture is employed to A. increase the overall fermentation time B. increase the overall yield of biomass C. decrease the overall fermentation time D. decrease the overall yield of product

In an airlift bioreactor, the air sparging region is called A. downcomer B. disengagement zone C. air riser D. none of these

The air riser is located on the outside of the draft tube for the large-scale airlift bioreactors because of A. higher oxygen transfer rates B. a small sparge ring C. better heat transfer efficiencies D. all of these

At the end of the lag phase, when growth begins, the division rate increases gradually and reaches a maximum value in the exponential growth period. This transitional period is commonly called the accelerated growth phase and is often included as a part of the A. lag phase B. stationary phase C. death phase D. exponential growth phase

Which of the following(s) is/are considered the limitations of the exponential growth model? A. Only predicts that cells grow exponentially during the log phase B. It does not consider factors that causes cells growth to stop or slow C. Predicts cell growth at a linear rate D. All of the above

To describe components of an airlift bioreactor which of the follow-ings are generally included? A. Disengagement zone, air riser, downcomer B. Flotsam, jetsam, downzone C. Air comer, disentanglement zone, downsizer D. All of the above

Yield coefficient represents A. total biomass or product produced B. conversion efficiency of a substrate into product C. conversion rate of a substrate into biomass or product D. production time of biomass or product

The lowest biomass yield in a culture of Escherichia coli will be in A. an aerated batch culture containing a initial high concentration of glucose B. an aerated batch reactor containing an initial low concentration of glucose C. an aerated fed-batch reactor having a low glucose concentration D. an aerated continuous reactor having a low glucose concentration

When two populations compete for a single growth limiting substrate in a continuous fermenter, which organism would not be washed out? A. Organism maintaining the highest substrate concentration B. Organism maintaining the lowest substrate concentration C. Both (a) and (b) D. Organism maintaining the moderate substrate concentration

The lowest yield of ATP /is in A. fermentation B. aerobic respiration C. anaerobic respiration D. same in (a), (b) and (c)

The continuous cultures are not widely used in industry because A. they are not suited for the production of secondary metabolites B. contamination or mutation can have a disastrous effect on the operation C. the government will not approve the licensing of pharmaceuticals produced in continuous cultures D. all of the above

Mixing in an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is due to A. rapid change in water temperatures throughout the reactor B. release of gases by the microbial populations C. swimming of microbes D. none of the above

In batch culture, protogon is produced from peptone during the stationary phase with a yield of 0.4 protogon mg per g of peptone. If it is to be produced in a chemostat at a dilution rate of 0.5 h-1 from a medium containing 10 g.l-1 of peptone, then the rate of protogon synthesis would be A. 0 g.l-1h-1 B. 0.5 g.l-1h-1 C. 1 g.l-1h-1 D. 2 g.l-1h-1

Formation of end product by Lactococcus lactis will become non-growth associated as lactic acid accumulates because A. cells will redirect ATP to anabolism B. cells will redirect NAD+ to anabolism C. cells will redirect ATP to facilitate the diffusion of lactic acid and H+ out of the cells D. cells will redirect ATP to the active transport of lactic acid and H+ out of the cells

Which of the following would not be subjected to the "glucose effect"? A. Aspergillus fumigatus B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae C. Escherichia coli D. Aspergillus niger

Which of the statement is true for continuous reactor at steady state? A. The rates of biomass, substrate and product concentrations are zero B. Biomass, substrate and product concentrations are zero C. Biomass, substrate and product concentrations do not change with time D. Biomass, substrate and product concentrations change with time

A continuous bioreactor in which only the flow rate is used to control the rate of cell or product productivity is called A. turbidostat B. chemostat C. level stat D. pH

For organisms growing in a chemostat, the specific growth rate A. cannot be determined B. can be determined from the dilution rate C. equals to the maximum specific growth rate of the culture D. none of the above

A chemostat has a liquid volume of 2 litres and is being fed at a rate of 4 litres per hour. Dilution rate for this reactor will be A. 2 litres B. 2 litres per hour C. 2 h-1 D. 4 litres per hour

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being grown in a chemostat converts glucose to biomass, ethanol, glycerol and carbon dioxide. At steady state, the concentration of glucose, biomass, ethanol and glycerol will A. decrease with time B. increase with time C. be constant D. change randomly with time

In aerobic yeast fermentation for production of citric acid from alkanes using a fed-batch culture, why alkanes are slowly fed to the yeast? A. Citric acid is toxic to the cells B. Alkanes cause foaming C. Fast addition of alkanes will inhibit the cells and reduce oxygen transfer rates D. Fast addition of alkanes will cause the cells to grow too quickly

A continuous reactor has a dilution rate of 0.5 h-1. Its residence time would be A. ln(2)/0.5 B. ln(2) x 0.5 C. 0.5 h D. 2 h

Which of the following is used to calculate mass of substrate in the reactor? A. Flow rate x substrate concentration in the reactor B. Volume of reactor x substrate concentration in reactor C. Flow rate x mass of reactor D. Volume of reactor x Flow rate

If biomass yields are constant, then the biomass productivity of a culture grown in continuous reactor will A. always decrease with dilution rate B. increase with dilution rate until washout C. remain constant irrespective of the dilution rate D. decrease with dilution rate until washout

Low dissolved oxygen concentrations leads to A. low biomass yields B. high biomass yields C. no effect on biomass yields D. none of the above

In a continuous reactor, the medium contains 40 g.l-1 of maltose and the medium flow rate is 10 litres per hour and the effluent contains 20 g.l-l of lactate. What is the productivity of lactate production from this reactor? A. 50 g maltose.l-1 B. 50 g lactate.l-1 C. 200 g maltose.l-1 D. 200 g lactate.l-1

A fed-batch reactor containing 1 g.l-1 of substrate in 2 litre of medium. It is fed with 1 g.l-l of substrate at the rate of 1 litre per hour. After 10 hours, the concentration of substrate in the reactor was 0.5 g.l-1 . The mass of substrate that was used by the culture in the reactor was A. 2g B. 6g C. 8g D. 12g

Toxins accumulated in a reactor can lead to low biomass yields probably due to which of the following? A. NAD+ is diverted away from homeostasis to anabolism B. ATP is diverted away from homeostasis to anabolism C. NAD+ is diverted away from anabolism to homeostasis D. ATP is diverted away from anabolism to homeostasis

The cellular productivity in a continuous stirred tank fermenter (CSTF) increases with an increase in the dilution rate and reaches a maximum value. If the dilution rate is increased beyond the maximum point, the productivity will A. decrease abruptly B. increase C. increase drastically D. be zero

Fluidized bed bioreactors provide higher mass transfer rates than packed bed bioreactors because A. mixing is higher in fluidized bed bioreactors B. particles move with the fluid in a fluidized bed bioreactor C. immobilized particles are smaller in the fluidized bed bioreactors D. all of the above

In fed-batch fermentation, mass of substrate utilized is calculated using the relationship A. initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor + flow rate x [substrate in the feed] B. initial mass of substrate in the reactor - final mass of substrate in the reactor + flow rate x [substrate in the feed] C. initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor - flow rate x [substrate in the feed] D. initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor - flow rate

Mixing per unit volume is observed to be poorest in A. continuous packed bed reactor B. continuous fluidized bed bioreactor C. continuous airlift bioreactor D. none of the above

The growth of an organism on glucose is described by the following Monod model parameters: μm = 0.5 h-1 and Ks =0.1 g.l 1, if the concentration of glucose in the feed is 10 g.l-1 and the dilution rate is set to 0.4 h-1, then the steady state concentration of glucose in the effluent will be A. 0 g.l-1 B. 0.5 g.l-1 C. g.l-1 D. 10 g.l-1

A continuous reactor at steady state contains 0.04 g.l-1 of biomass and 0.02 g.l-1 of phenol. The feed contained 0.1 g.l-1 of phenol. The biomass yield would be A. 0.4 g.g-1 B. 0.5 g.g-1 C. g.g-1 D. 5.0 g.g-1

A culture system with constant environmental conditions maintained through continual provision of nutrient and removal of wastes is called __________ culture system. A. continuous B. batch C. fed-batch D. semi continuous

The main reason for production of antibiotics in fed batch reactors is A. the presence of precursors is often toxic to the cells B. higher yields when cells enter the stationary phase C. higher yields when cell growth slows D. all of the above

Fed batch reactors is used to produce vinegar because A. it can maintain low ethanol concentrations B. it can maintain low acetic acid concentrations C. acetic acid bacteria tend to ferment at high ethanol concentrations D. all of the above

When a culture of fermenting yeast becomes metabolically uncoupled, ethanol A. becomes a secondary metabolite B. production becomes growth associated C. production becomes non-growth associated D. becomes a growth nutrient

Mixing profiles closest to plug flow are observed in A. continuous packed bed reactor B. stirred tank reactor with biomass recycles C. continuous fluidized bed bioreactor D. all of these

On a glucose medium, the growth of an organism is characterized by the following Monod model and stoichiometric parameters μm = 0.3 h-1, Ks =0.05 g.l-1 and Yxs = 0.3 g.g-1 When this organism is grown in a 2 litre continuous on a medium containing 10 g.l-1 of glucose added at 1 l.h-1, the steady state concentration of biomass in the reactor will be A. 0 g.l-1 B. 0.4 g.l-1 C. 0.5 g.l-1 D. 10 g.l-1

Unsteady state mass balance for dynamic model of continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is A. time rate of total amount in rector = rate of addition to reactor -rate of removal + rate of formation B. total amount in rector = rate of addition to reactor - rate of removal + rate of formation C. rate of total amount in rector = rate of addition to reactor - rate of removal + rate of formation D. none of the above

A fed-batch reactor initially contains 2 litre of medium. If it was fed at 1 litre per hour, then after 10 hours, the volume of the reactor will be A. 1 litre B. 2 litre C. 3 litre D. 13 litre

A Bacillus sp. produces an antibiotic only during the stationary phase when grown in a batch culture. If grown in a 5 litre continuous culture, the steady state productivity of the antibiotic A. will increase until the culture washes out B. will decrease after washout C. will be zero D. will be infinite

In a fluidized bed reactor, the function of the disengagement zone is to A. reduce loss of particles from the reactor B. reduce the velocity of the particles near the surface of the reactor C. reduce foaming problems D. all of the above

Two continuous bioreactors containing the same organisms, fed with the same feed at the same dilution rate were compared. Reactor 1 started with an initial concentration of glucose of 10 g.l-1, while reactor 2 contained 0.1 g.l-1 of glucose at the start of the process then at steady state A. the concentration of glucose in reactor 1 would be greater than that in reactor 2 B. the concentration of glucose in reactor 1 would be equal to reactor 2 C. the concentration of glucose in reactor 1 would always be zero. D. the concentration of glucose in reactor 1 would be less than that in reactor 2

In a plug flow reactor, the highest concentration of substrates is exposed to the cells that A. are near the effluent or exit of the reactor B. are in the mid way along the reactor C. are located near entrance of feed D. are near the wall of the reactor

In an activated sludge process, the biomass is recycled to A. increase the efficiency of the process B. reduce sludge volumes C. increase the concentration of cells D. all of the above

Yeast is typically produced in fed batch reactors because A. yeast cells produce ethanol at low glucose concentrations B. yeast cells ferment at low glucose concentrations C. yeast cells respire at low glucose concentrations D. all of the above

Which of the following is not correct with regards to continuous cultures? A. The major industrial scale application of continuous cultures is in waste water treatment B. Mutation and contamination present a major risk to the operation of continuous cultures for the production of metabolites C. The continuous cultures is very useful for the production of pharmaceuticals D. Continuous cultures have an advantage that they do not need to shut down as regularly as batch culture reactor

Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces high biomass yields at low glucose concentrations and high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Which of the following should be followed for maximizing its biomass productivity? A. Batch fermenter with a high initial glucose concentration B. Continuous fermenter with a low initial glucose concentration C. Fed batch fermenter D. All of the above

In a glucose-yeast extract medium, Lactococcus lactis has a maximum specific growth rate (um) of 1.23 h-1. What would be the specific growth rate of this organism at steady state in a 4 litre reactor being fed at 2 litres per hour? A. 0.5 h-1 B. 1.2 h-1 C. 2.4 h-1 D. 4 h-1

A strain of Escherichia coli has a maximum specific growth rate of 0.8 h-1 on a glucose based medium. If this organism is being grown in a chemostat with a dilution rate of 1.2 h-1, then at steady state the concentration of E. coli in the same medium will A. increase B. be zero C. change randomly D. decrease

A fed-batch reactor containing 2 litre of medium and 0.1 g.l-l of biomass is fed with a medium containing 1 g.l-1 of substrate at 1 litre per hour. If after 10 hours, the concentration of biomass in the reactor was 0.2 g.l-1, then the biomass produced during the 10 hour period is A. 1.5 g B. 2.2 g C. 3.0 g D. 6.0 g

Which of the following organisms will continue their metabolism at high substrate concentrations? A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae C. Bacillus subtilis D. Escherichia coli

The concentration of biomass in a continuous stirred tank reactor is 20 g dry weight per litre. What would be the concentration of biomass in the effluent? A. Greater than 20 g dry weight per litre B. Approximately 20 g dry weight per litre C. Lesser than 20 g dry weight per litre D. More than 30 g dry weight per litre

The production of an amylase from starch by Aspergillus niger is often performed in a fed batch fermenter. This is due to the reason that A. fed-batch reactor can be used to minimize starch concentrations and prevent a. niger from fermenting B. fed-batch reactor can be used to minimize starch concentrations and thus reduce the viscosity of the medium C. continuous reactor can be used to minimize starch concentrations and their inhibitory effects D. all of the above

The fastest route of NADH reoxidation is A. aerobic respiration B. anaerobic respiration C. fermentation D. decomposition

In a fluidized bed reactor mixing is achieved by A. gravity flow of fluid B. upward movement of the incoming feed C. diffusion D. both (a) and (b)

In fed batch bioreactor modelling, the rate of change in the bioreactor volume is assumed to be equal to A. flow rate B. initial volume C. volume of solids in the reactor D. none of these

Monoclonal antibodies are typically produced in fed batch reactors because A. hybridoma cells ferment at high maltose concentrations B. hybridoma cells yield higher lactate at high glucose concentrations C. hybridoma cells respire at high glucose concentrations D. none of the above

In plug flow tubular reactor the axial velocity profile on cross section will be A. constant B. varying with time C. non-linear D. power function of time

Production of organic acids in batch culture is generally growth associated phase followed by non-growth associated production. The probable reason for this is that A. organic acids uncouple catabolism from anabolism B. biomass yields increase as the fermentation proceeds C. organic acids are secondary metabolites D. high concentrations of organic acid promote the growth of the microbial population

The ideal tubular-flow fermenter without radial variations is called a A. plug flow fermenter B. continuous stirred tank fermenter (CSTF) C. column fermenter D. any intensity of dilution rate near the wash out points

Pseudo-steady state in a continuous reactor refers to a reactor in which A. Pseudomonads are being cultured B. concentration oscillate around a mean value C. concentration increase with time D. concentration decrease with time

The toxicity of organic acids to cells A. enhances as the pH falls B. reduces as the pH falls C. is not affected by pH D. is highest at pH 7.0

Which of the following is best described as secondary metabolite? A. Acetic acid produced from the oxidation of ethanol B. Ethanol from the fermentation of glucose C. Penicillin D. Citric acid from the partial oxidation of glucose

A microorganism which is subjected to the Crabtree effect is most likely to A. ferment in the presence of low concentrations of sugar and dissolved oxygen B. respire in the presence of low sugar and high dissolved oxygen concentrations C. ferment in the presence of high concentrations of sugar and dissolved oxygen D. respire in the presence of high sugar and low dissolved oxygen concentrations

When the product formation is approximately equal to the rate of cell growth, the pattern of product formation is termed as A. uncoupled B. growth associated C. non-growth associated D. metabolically uncoupled

Which of the following would be correct concerning the concentration of biomass (X). growth limiting substrate (S) and product (P) in a chemostat when the cells have been washed out? A. X,S and P will be zero B. X,S and P can not be predicted for the above condition C. X and P will be zero while S is equal to the substrate concentration in feed D. None of the above

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a maximum specific growth rate of 0.8 h-1 in a medium with glucose as a growth limiting substrate. To prevent wash out, the dilution rate must be set to A. greater than 0.8 h-1 B. less than 0.8 h-1 C. equal to 0.8 h-1 D. 1.6 h-1

Saccharomyces cerevisiae when grown in high glucose concentration medium, the cells activity depends on which of the following? A. High concentration of dissolved oxygen B. Low concentration of dissolved oxygen C. No effect of dissolved oxygen D. High concentration of dissolved oxygen and sodium salts

Continuous culture has an advantage over to a batch cultures as A. continuous reactors do not need to be shut down and cleaned as regularly as a batch reactor B. most downstream and upstream processes are continuous in nature and thus the operation of continuous bioreactor can be better integrated into the overall manufacturing process C. cells can be maintained at a constant physiological state simply by setting the dilution rate D. all of the above

In the batch-fed mode, substrate will be added A. only at the beginning of the fermentation process B. periodically throughout the fermentation process C. only at the end of the fermentation process D. substrate is never added

When Escherichia coli grow in a well aerated medium, which of the following will occur? A. Fructose di-phosphate accumulation inside the cells leading to cell respiration B. Fructose di-phosphate accumulation inside the cells leading to fermentation C. Fructose di-phosphate will accumulate regardless of the medium composition D. Fructose di-phosphate will accumulate inside the cells leading to anaerobic respiration