BC - unit 5 Flashcards
3 biocompounds of nucleic acid
heterocyclic nitrogen base
pentose
phosphate
2 types of pentose
ribose
deoxyribose
pentose is the ___ portion of the nucleic acid
sugar
___ ___ is a precursor for ATP
adenosine monophosphate
ribose is a ___ ring
furan
2 -OH on ribose are for?
joining a nucleotide
identifying ribose from deoxyribose
what 2 nucleotides are purines
adenine
guanine
what 3 nucleotides are pyrimidines?
cytosine
uracil
thymine
AUCG –>
DNA
AUCG–>
RNA
monomers of nucleic acid store and transfer ___ for biochemical reactions like ____ and ___
energy
ATP
GTP
monomers of nucleic acids form ____ ____ like cAMP and cGMP
secondary messengers
monomers of nucleic acids form some _____
coenzymes
coenzymeshelp change conformation of ____
proteins
FMN/FAD is a coenzyme that is a derivative of vit ____
B2
NAD/NADP is a coenzympe that is a derivative of vit ____
B3
CoASH is a coenzyme that is a derivative of vit ____
B5
monomers of nucleic acids ___ some molecules
activate
polymers of nucleotides form ___ and ___
DNA
RNA
RNA contains a ___
ribose
DNA contains a ____
deoxyribose
deoxyribose has ___ OH
one
ribose has __ OH
2
purines possess a __-ring heteronitrogen structure
2
4 purines that occur in nucleic acids or their metabolites
adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Xanthine (X)
Hypoxanthine (Hx)
3 purines that occur in foods
caffeine
theophylline
theobromine
pyrimidines possess a __-ring heteronitorgen structure
1
1 pyrimadine that is found in both RNA and DNA
Cytosine (C)
1 pyrimidine that is found in only DNA
Thymine (T)
1 pyrimidine that is found in only RNA
Uracil (U)
Ribose occurs in ____
RNA
deoxyribose occurs in ____
DNA
RNA stands for?
ribonucleic acid
DNA stands for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleoside is ____ ____ + ___
nitrogen base + pentose
nucleotide is ___ + ____
nucleoside + pentose
___ is a monomer of nucleic acid
nucleotide
synthetic bases have altered ___ ___ or ___
nitrogen bases
sugars
synthetic nitrogen bases, nucleosides or nucleotide analogs are used as drugs to treat ___, prevent ____ reactions in organ transplants or suppress ___ growth
cancer
immunological
viral
mechanisms of action for synthetics:
- inhibit ___ of nucleic acid synthesis
- incorporate into __ and alter subsequent ___ synthesis
enzyme
DNA
DNA
5-fluorouracil is a ___ analog
thymine
5-fluorouracil blocks ___ synthesis
pyrimidine
5-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine is a ____ analog
thymidine
5-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine blocks ____ kinase
thymidine
5-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine is a ___ treatment
cancer
5-fluorouracil is a ___ treatment
cancer
AraC is a ___ analog
cytidine
AraC is ___ treatment
cancer
Allopurinol i a ___ analog
purine
Allopurinol blocks ___ ___ synthesis
uric acid
Allopurinol is a ___ treatment
gout
AZT is a ___ analog
thymidine
AZT is used to block the replication of the ___ virum
HIV
AZT is used for the ____/_____ of AIDS
prevention
delay
DNA is a ____phosphate ____nucleotides
mono
deoxy
4 nucleotides of DNA
A
T
G
C
the head of DNA has a free ____ called the __ ___ or ___ ___
phosphate
5’ phosphate
5’ end
the tail of DNA has a free ____ group on the 3’-carbon of the deoxyribose of the last nucleotide called the ___ ___ or __ ___
-OH
3’ hydroxyl
3’end
____ bonds: connects monomers together
phosphodiester
____ bond: bond that holds phosphates together, like in ATP, ADP
phophoanhydride
DNA is usually ___ helix formed by base pairs attached to a ___-___ backbone
double
sugar-phosphate
double helix is usually ____-____
anti-parallel
__ form of DNA is predominant in humans: ____ handed
B
right
double helix maintained by ___ bonds between nitrogen bases
hydrogen
A bonds with T with _ H-Bonds
2
C bonds with C with ___ H-bonds
3
are H-bonds strong?
no
denaturation
melting the proteins and DNA
if incubated in a buffer it will ___ or ___
renature
hybridize
central dogma
DNA –> RNA —> proteins
____: segment of DNA that serves as a template for the biosynthesis of RNA
gene
since DNA is double stranded, 1 base is called a ___
base pair
___: the gene DNA from which mature RNA is made
exon
___: the part of RNA that is removed
intron
transcription
DNA –> RNA
DNA gives off 2 strands for transcription
template
coding
template strand is the ___ strand
sense
coding strand is the ____ strand
antisense
strand is always ___ stranded, coded ___–> ___, and ___-____
single
5–>3
antiparallel
when RNA is coded" A goes with \_\_\_\_ T goes with \_\_\_\_ C goes with \_\_\_\_ G goes with \_\_\_\_
U
A
G
C
RNA is ___ stranded
single
3 types of RNA
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA stands for___ RNA and accounts for __% of total RNA
ribosomal
75
mRNA stands for ___ RNA and accounts for __% of total RNA
messenger
5
tRNA stands for ___ RNA and accounts for __% of total RNA
transfer
20
ribosomal RNA brings the ____ for protein synthesis
machinery
messenger RNA is the _____
template
transfer RNA brings in the ___ ___ to the machinery
amino acid
4 classes of rRNA based on size
5S
5.8S
18S
28S
ribosomal RNAs bind protein to form ___
ribosomes
40S ribosomes formed from ___ rRNA and protein
18S
60S ribosomes from ___, ___, and ___ rRNA and protein
5S
5.8S
28S
40S and 60S form ___ ribosomes, to anchor ___, aminoacyl ___ and the growing ___
80S
mRNA
tRNA
protein
mRNA contains the __ for directing the sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide (protein)
codon
each mRNA has a __ at the 5’ end which is 7-methylguanosine triphosphate (___)
cap
GmTP
following the cap on the mRNA is an ____ codon ___
initiation
AUG
AUG codes for
Methionine
a tail of an mRNa at the ___ end is made of many adenosine monophosphate called a ___-__ ___
3’
poly-A tail
___: three monophosphate nucleotides that code for a particular amino acid
codon
the size of each mRNA varies according to the size of the ___ gene
respective
tRNA is very ___
small
tRNA has a ___ structure
cloverleaf
tRNAs transfer the amino acids to the ___ site where protein synthesis is taking place
ribosomal
at least ___ tRNAs
20
____: Matches a codon on mRNA
anicodon
