BC - unit 4 Flashcards
lipids are biocompounds that are soluble in ___ solvents
organic
lipids usually posses at least 1 of three things
fatty acid
isoprene
CPPP
___ ___ is the most abundant structural component of lipids
fatty acid
ester bond joins ____ and ____ in a lipid
fatty acid
glycerol
____s are primarily in animal fats
SAFAs
SAFAs possess only ____ bonds between carbons
single
3C SAFAs common name
propionic acid
4C SAFAs common name
butyric acid
16C SAFAs common name
palmitic acid
18C SAFAs common name
stearic acid
20C SAFAs common name
arachidic acid
____s are 50:50 in animals and plants
MUFAs
MUFAs possess one ____ bond per molecule
double
___s are primarily in vegetable oils
PUFA
PUFAs possess at least two ___ bonds between carbons
two
C16:1;9 common name
palmitoleic acid
C18:1;9
oleic acid
2 essential fatty acids
linoleic acid
alpha-linolenic acid
LA is an omega-__
6
ALA is an omega-__
3
conditionally essential fatty acids are made from the ___ fatty acids
essential
3 conditionally essential fatty acids
gama linolenic acid
arachidonic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid
linolenic acid is an omega __ that is pro ____
6
inflammation
eicosapentaenoic acid is omega ___ and anti ____
3
inflammatory
____ is the enzyme that cuts off phospholipids
phospholipase
NSAIDS are ___ inhibitors
cox
lipoxygenase is a ____
leukotrienes
___ number is the C number where first double bond occurs (counted backward)
omega
ALWAYS RETAINS THE ____ NUMBER
OMEGA
linoleic acid is ____ ___ by humans
not synthesized
linoleic acid is in most ____ oils
vegetable
linoleic acid is converted to ____ _____ acid
gamma linolenic
gamma linolenic acid is then converted to ___ ____ ____ acid
dihomo gamma linolenic
most abundant PUFA in cell membranes
ARACHIDONIC ACID
alpha linolenic acid is in ____ ___ oil
flax seed
alpha linolenic acid is converted to ___ acid and ___ acid
eicosapentaenoic
docosahexaenoic
trans versus cis format has to do with the ____ around ___ bond
bond
double
partial hydrogenation of ___ and ___ make hem trans fats
fats
oils
6 types of lipids
triglycerides phospholi[ids steroid lipids sphinglipids lipid derivatives
90% of food lipids are ___
triglycerides
fat triglycerides are mainly from ___ sources (mostly ____)
animal
SAFA
oil triglycerides are mainly from ___ sources (mainly ___)
plant
PUFA
2 plant oils with little PUFA
coconut
olive
coconut oil are high in ___-___ fatty acid
medium chained
olive oil is high in ___ acid
oleic
4 phospholipids
phosphatidyl-
- choline
- ethanolamine
- inositol
- serine
phosphatidylcholine is a ____
lecithin
phosphatidylethanolamine is a ___
cephalin
phosphatidylinositol is a ____
lipositol
phospholipids are in ___ ___
cell membranes
phospholipids are the body’s reserve of ____
PUFA
there are plasmalogen phospholipids that have an ___ linkage at 1st C of glycerol
ether
plasmalogens account for ~10% of __ and ___ lipids
brain
muscle
isoprenoid lipids are 3 fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A
vitamin E
vitamin K
steroid lipids are subdivided into 6
cholesterol glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids reproductive steroids provitamin D bile acids
bile acids emulsify ___
fat
sterols are steroids which have an ____ primary functional group
alcohol
27C sterol is implicated in the pathogenesis of _____
atherosclerosis
when a cholesterol forms an ester with a fatty acid, the ester is called a ___ ___
cholesteryl ester
___ is the precursor of all other steroids
cholesterol
____ have an important physiological fan in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from proteins
glucocorticoids
3 examples of glucocorticoids
cortisol
corticosterone
dexamethasone
____ enhance sodium retention and enhance excretion of potassium, hydrogen and ammonium
mineralocorticoids
primary endogenous mineralocorticoids is ___
aldosterone
3 reproductive steroids
androgens
estrogen
progesterone
___ primarily produced by the testes
androgens
2 examples of androgens
testosterone
dihydrotestosterone
which androgen is more abundant but less potent?
testosterone
which androgen is less abundant but more potent?
dihydrotestosterone
testes, aside from testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, can also make ___
estrogen
___ primarily produced in the ovaries
estrogen
what is the male sex steroid
androgen
what is the female sex steroid
estrogen
what is the gestational steroid
progestins
2 examples of estrogen
estrogen
estrone
____ made by corpus luteum and placenta
progestins
example of a progestin
progesterone
2 examples of provitamin D
ergosterol
7-dehydrocholesterol
bile salts are C24 steroids with functional groups - ___ and ____
COOH
-SO3H
4 major bile acids in human bile
cholic
deoxycholic
glycocolic
taurocholic
acidic functional groups of bile acids dissociate to become negative anions… which bind to positive ions such as ___ or ___ to form bile salts
potassium
sodium
Vitamin D is from ____
cholesterol
____ are lipids that contain sphingosine as their alcohol component
sphingolipids
2 examples of sphingolipids
sphingomyelins
glycosphingolipids
3 types of lipid derivatives
fatty acids
eicosanoids
lipoproteins
___ derived from 20C PUFAs
eicosanoids
2 types of eicosanoids
prostanoids
leukotrienes
3 types of prostanoids
prostaglandins
prostacyclins
thromboxanes
function of prostaglandins
regulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
function of prostacyclins
oppose platelet aggregation
function of thromboxanes
stimulate platelet aggregation
____ derived from 20C PUFAs + glutathione
leukotrienes
function of leukotrienes
mediate allergic reations
lipoprotein is a complex of ___ + ____
lipids
protein
4 types of lipids that make up a lipoprotein
TG
phospholipid
cholesteryl ester
free cholesterol
protein in lipoproteins
apolipoprotein
apoprotein - naked protein, apo
lipoproteins are responsible for transport of ___
lipids
hydrophobicity
water hating
non-polar
hydrophobic C-H bonds do not have ____ and do not form ___ or ___ bonds
polarity
ionic
hydrogen
when lipids are added to water, they ___ mix
dont
amphipathic
polar and non polar
possess O-, (PO4)3- on one end and a hydrocarbon chain on the other
hydrophilic end of an amphipathic compound interacts with ___ and the other end _____ ___ from water
water
stays away
amphipathic compounds are the result in the formation of a ___
micelle
micelles have a ___ core and ___ surface
hydrophobic
hydrophillic
lipid bilayer is formed by two layers of amphipathic molecule with ___ tails facing each other
hydrophobic
___ ___ is the basic structure of all cell memebranes
lipid bilayer
____: breaking and mixing of dietary fat particles for further digestion by enzymes… usually by bile salts
emulsification
bile salt is ___
amphipathic
____: spoilage of lipid food
rancidity
autoxidation is ___ ____
oxidative rancidity
bacterial hydrolysis is ____ ___
hydrolytic rancidity
double bonds of acyl groups are oxidized by ___ and is accelerated by ___ and ___
oxygen
light
temperature
rancidity produce ____ and ____ substances
noxious
toxic
3 things that are prone to oxidation
vegetable oils
whole grains
cereals
things that are prone to oxidation have high content of _____s
PUFA
keep things that are prone to oxidation in ___ and ___ air-tight space
cool
dark
partial hydrogenation of oils can prevent ___ rancidity, but it causes production of ___-fatty acids, which increases ____ level and risk of ___ ____ ____
oxidative
trans
cholesterol
coronary heart disease
3 antioxidants can be added to help prevent against rancidity
vitamin E
BHT
BHA
double bonds in fatty acids of naturally occurring TGs are usually in the ___ form, which occupies ___ space
cis
more
TG with more double bonds (_____) is ___ dense and appears as liquid at room temp –> ____
unsaturated
less
oil
the more saturated TG is ___ dense and appears as a solid at room temp –> ___
more
fat
