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T2 - BioChem midterm 1 > BC - unit 4 > Flashcards

BC - unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

lipids are biocompounds that are soluble in ___ solvents

A

organic

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2
Q

lipids usually posses at least 1 of three things

A

fatty acid
isoprene
CPPP

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3
Q

___ ___ is the most abundant structural component of lipids

A

fatty acid

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4
Q

ester bond joins ____ and ____ in a lipid

A

fatty acid

glycerol

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5
Q

____s are primarily in animal fats

A

SAFAs

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6
Q

SAFAs possess only ____ bonds between carbons

A

single

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7
Q

3C SAFAs common name

A

propionic acid

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8
Q

4C SAFAs common name

A

butyric acid

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9
Q

16C SAFAs common name

A

palmitic acid

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10
Q

18C SAFAs common name

A

stearic acid

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11
Q

20C SAFAs common name

A

arachidic acid

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12
Q

____s are 50:50 in animals and plants

A

MUFAs

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13
Q

MUFAs possess one ____ bond per molecule

A

double

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14
Q

___s are primarily in vegetable oils

A

PUFA

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15
Q

PUFAs possess at least two ___ bonds between carbons

A

two

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16
Q

C16:1;9 common name

A

palmitoleic acid

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17
Q

C18:1;9

A

oleic acid

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18
Q

2 essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid

alpha-linolenic acid

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19
Q

LA is an omega-__

A

6

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20
Q

ALA is an omega-__

A

3

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21
Q

conditionally essential fatty acids are made from the ___ fatty acids

A

essential

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22
Q

3 conditionally essential fatty acids

A

gama linolenic acid
arachidonic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid

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23
Q

linolenic acid is an omega __ that is pro ____

A

6

inflammation

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24
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid is omega ___ and anti ____

A

3

inflammatory

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25
Q

____ is the enzyme that cuts off phospholipids

A

phospholipase

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26
Q

NSAIDS are ___ inhibitors

A

cox

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27
Q

lipoxygenase is a ____

A

leukotrienes

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28
Q

___ number is the C number where first double bond occurs (counted backward)

A

omega

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29
Q

ALWAYS RETAINS THE ____ NUMBER

A

OMEGA

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30
Q

linoleic acid is ____ ___ by humans

A

not synthesized

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31
Q

linoleic acid is in most ____ oils

A

vegetable

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32
Q

linoleic acid is converted to ____ _____ acid

A

gamma linolenic

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33
Q

gamma linolenic acid is then converted to ___ ____ ____ acid

A

dihomo gamma linolenic

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34
Q

most abundant PUFA in cell membranes

A

ARACHIDONIC ACID

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35
Q

alpha linolenic acid is in ____ ___ oil

A

flax seed

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36
Q

alpha linolenic acid is converted to ___ acid and ___ acid

A

eicosapentaenoic

docosahexaenoic

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37
Q

trans versus cis format has to do with the ____ around ___ bond

A

bond

double

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38
Q

partial hydrogenation of ___ and ___ make hem trans fats

A

fats

oils

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39
Q

6 types of lipids

A 
triglycerides
phospholi[ids
steroid lipids
sphinglipids
lipid derivatives
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40
Q

90% of food lipids are ___

A

triglycerides

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41
Q

fat triglycerides are mainly from ___ sources (mostly ____)

A

animal

SAFA

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42
Q

oil triglycerides are mainly from ___ sources (mainly ___)

A

plant

PUFA

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43
Q

2 plant oils with little PUFA

A

coconut

olive

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44
Q

coconut oil are high in ___-___ fatty acid

A

medium chained

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45
Q

olive oil is high in ___ acid

A

oleic

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46
Q

4 phospholipids

A

phosphatidyl-

  • choline
  • ethanolamine
  • inositol
  • serine
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47
Q

phosphatidylcholine is a ____

A

lecithin

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48
Q

phosphatidylethanolamine is a ___

A

cephalin

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49
Q

phosphatidylinositol is a ____

A

lipositol

50
Q

phospholipids are in ___ ___

A

cell membranes

51
Q

phospholipids are the body’s reserve of ____

A

PUFA

52
Q

there are plasmalogen phospholipids that have an ___ linkage at 1st C of glycerol

A

ether

53
Q

plasmalogens account for ~10% of __ and ___ lipids

A

brain

muscle

54
Q

isoprenoid lipids are 3 fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A
vitamin E
vitamin K

55
Q

steroid lipids are subdivided into 6

A 
cholesterol 
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
reproductive steroids
provitamin D
bile acids
56
Q

bile acids emulsify ___

A

fat

57
Q

sterols are steroids which have an ____ primary functional group

A

alcohol

58
Q

27C sterol is implicated in the pathogenesis of _____

A

atherosclerosis

59
Q

when a cholesterol forms an ester with a fatty acid, the ester is called a ___ ___

A

cholesteryl ester

60
Q

___ is the precursor of all other steroids

A

cholesterol

61
Q

____ have an important physiological fan in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from proteins

A

glucocorticoids

62
Q

3 examples of glucocorticoids

A

cortisol
corticosterone
dexamethasone

63
Q

____ enhance sodium retention and enhance excretion of potassium, hydrogen and ammonium

A

mineralocorticoids

64
Q

primary endogenous mineralocorticoids is ___

A

aldosterone

65
Q

3 reproductive steroids

A

androgens
estrogen
progesterone

66
Q

___ primarily produced by the testes

A

androgens

67
Q

2 examples of androgens

A

testosterone

dihydrotestosterone

68
Q

which androgen is more abundant but less potent?

A

testosterone

69
Q

which androgen is less abundant but more potent?

A

dihydrotestosterone

70
Q

testes, aside from testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, can also make ___

A

estrogen

71
Q

___ primarily produced in the ovaries

A

estrogen

72
Q

what is the male sex steroid

A

androgen

73
Q

what is the female sex steroid

A

estrogen

74
Q

what is the gestational steroid

A

progestins

75
Q

2 examples of estrogen

A

estrogen

estrone

76
Q

____ made by corpus luteum and placenta

A

progestins

77
Q

example of a progestin

A

progesterone

78
Q

2 examples of provitamin D

A

ergosterol

7-dehydrocholesterol

79
Q

bile salts are C24 steroids with functional groups - ___ and ____

A

COOH

-SO3H

80
Q

4 major bile acids in human bile

A

cholic
deoxycholic
glycocolic
taurocholic

81
Q

acidic functional groups of bile acids dissociate to become negative anions… which bind to positive ions such as ___ or ___ to form bile salts

A

potassium

sodium

82
Q

Vitamin D is from ____

A

cholesterol

83
Q

____ are lipids that contain sphingosine as their alcohol component

A

sphingolipids

84
Q

2 examples of sphingolipids

A

sphingomyelins

glycosphingolipids

85
Q

3 types of lipid derivatives

A

fatty acids
eicosanoids
lipoproteins

86
Q

___ derived from 20C PUFAs

A

eicosanoids

87
Q

2 types of eicosanoids

A

prostanoids

leukotrienes

88
Q

3 types of prostanoids

A

prostaglandins
prostacyclins
thromboxanes

89
Q

function of prostaglandins

A

regulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

90
Q

function of prostacyclins

A

oppose platelet aggregation

91
Q

function of thromboxanes

A

stimulate platelet aggregation

92
Q

____ derived from 20C PUFAs + glutathione

A

leukotrienes

93
Q

function of leukotrienes

A

mediate allergic reations

94
Q

lipoprotein is a complex of ___ + ____

A

lipids

protein

95
Q

4 types of lipids that make up a lipoprotein

A

TG
phospholipid
cholesteryl ester
free cholesterol

96
Q

protein in lipoproteins

A

apolipoprotein

apoprotein - naked protein, apo

97
Q

lipoproteins are responsible for transport of ___

A

lipids

98
Q

hydrophobicity

A

water hating

non-polar

99
Q

hydrophobic C-H bonds do not have ____ and do not form ___ or ___ bonds

A

polarity
ionic
hydrogen

100
Q

when lipids are added to water, they ___ mix

A

dont

101
Q

amphipathic

A

polar and non polar

possess O-, (PO4)3- on one end and a hydrocarbon chain on the other

102
Q

hydrophilic end of an amphipathic compound interacts with ___ and the other end _____ ___ from water

A

water

stays away

103
Q

amphipathic compounds are the result in the formation of a ___

A

micelle

104
Q

micelles have a ___ core and ___ surface

A

hydrophobic

hydrophillic

105
Q

lipid bilayer is formed by two layers of amphipathic molecule with ___ tails facing each other

A

hydrophobic

106
Q

___ ___ is the basic structure of all cell memebranes

A

lipid bilayer

107
Q

____: breaking and mixing of dietary fat particles for further digestion by enzymes… usually by bile salts

A

emulsification

108
Q

bile salt is ___

A

amphipathic

109
Q

____: spoilage of lipid food

A

rancidity

110
Q

autoxidation is ___ ____

A

oxidative rancidity

111
Q

bacterial hydrolysis is ____ ___

A

hydrolytic rancidity

112
Q

double bonds of acyl groups are oxidized by ___ and is accelerated by ___ and ___

A

oxygen
light
temperature

113
Q

rancidity produce ____ and ____ substances

A

noxious

toxic

114
Q

3 things that are prone to oxidation

A

vegetable oils
whole grains
cereals

115
Q

things that are prone to oxidation have high content of _____s

A

PUFA

116
Q

keep things that are prone to oxidation in ___ and ___ air-tight space

A

cool

dark

117
Q

partial hydrogenation of oils can prevent ___ rancidity, but it causes production of ___-fatty acids, which increases ____ level and risk of ___ ____ ____

A

oxidative
trans
cholesterol
coronary heart disease

118
Q

3 antioxidants can be added to help prevent against rancidity

A

vitamin E
BHT
BHA

119
Q

double bonds in fatty acids of naturally occurring TGs are usually in the ___ form, which occupies ___ space

A

cis

more

120
Q

TG with more double bonds (_____) is ___ dense and appears as liquid at room temp –> ____

A

unsaturated
less
oil

121
Q

the more saturated TG is ___ dense and appears as a solid at room temp –> ___

A

more

fat

T2 - BioChem midterm 1 (5 decks)

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