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T2 - BioChem midterm 1 > BC - unit 3 > Flashcards

BC - unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

___ are from ‘carbon’ and water’ (hydro)

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

the ration of H to 0 in carbs is __:___

A

2:1

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3
Q

carbs are either ___ or ___ with many ___ groups

A

aldehydes
ketones
alcohol

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4
Q

____: carbs that cannot be further hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

___: each molecule can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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6
Q

disaccharides can be hydolyzed to two monosaccharides by ___

A

disaccharidase

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7
Q

____: polymers of 3+ monosaccharide residues

A

polysaccharides

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8
Q

____: less than 6 monosaccharide units

A

oligosacharide

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9
Q

____ ___ ___: additional functional groups or modifications added to carbs backbone

A

derivatives of carbs

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10
Q

aldoses: three carbon carbs

A

glyceraldehyde

glycerose

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11
Q

ketoses: 3 carbon carbs

A

dihydroxyacetone

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12
Q

3 carbon carbs are also called ___

A

trioses

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13
Q

4 carbon carbs are also called ___

A

tetroses

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14
Q

aldoses: 4 carbon carbs

A

erythrose

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15
Q

ketoses: 4 carbon carbs

A

erythrulose

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16
Q

5 carbon carbs are also called ___

A

pentoses

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17
Q

aldoses: 5 carbon carbs

A

ribose
xylose
2’ - deoxyribose

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18
Q

ketoses: 5 carbon carbs

A

ribulose

xylulose

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19
Q

6 carbon carbs are also called ____

A

hexoses

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20
Q

aldoses: 6 carbon carbs

A

glucose

galactose

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21
Q

ketoses: 6 carbon carbs

A

fructose

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22
Q

galactose turns into ___

A

glucose

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23
Q

aldoses are ___ and ___

A

aldehyde

sugar

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24
Q

ketoses are ___ and ___

A

ketones

sugar

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25
Q

a downward bond is an ___ bond

A

alpha

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26
Q

an upward bond is a ___ bone

A

beta

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27
Q

___: -OH can spin around and become an alpha or beta bond

A

mutarotation

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28
Q

___ ring: 5 carbon ring with an O

A

furan

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29
Q

monomers of maltose

A

dimer of glucose

“glucan”

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30
Q

___ is a polymer of glucoses

A

glucan

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31
Q

bonds of maltose

A

alpha 1-4

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32
Q

maltose is hydrolyzed by ___

A

maltase

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33
Q

maltase is located in the ___ ___ of the small intestine to break down to a monosaccharide

A

brush border

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34
Q

monomers of sucrose

A

glucose

fructose

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35
Q

bonds of sucrose

A

alpha 1-2

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36
Q

sucrose is hydrolyzed by ___, which is also known as ___

A

sucrase

invertase

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37
Q

____ sugar: is a sugar that when light hits is it rotates the other way when broken down to a monosaccharide

A

invert

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38
Q

monomers of lactose

A

glucose

galactose

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39
Q

bonds of lactose

A

beta 1-4

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40
Q

lactose is hydrolyzed by ___

A

lactase

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41
Q

monomer of cellobiose

A

dimer of D- glucose (like maltose)

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42
Q

bonds of cellobiose

A

beta 1-4

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43
Q

cellobiose is hydrolyzed by ___

A

cellulase

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44
Q

2 starches in plants

A

amylose

amylopectin

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45
Q

monomers of amylose

A

polymer of glucose

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46
Q

bonds of amylose

A

alpha 1-4

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47
Q

amylose hydrolyzed by ____-____

A

alpha amylase

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48
Q

monomers of amylopectin

A

polymer of glucose with branches every 12 bonds

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49
Q

branches in the chain of starch make it easier to ___

has more available ____

A

break

ends

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50
Q

bonds of amylopectin

A

alpha 1-4

alpha 1-6 on the branches

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51
Q

amylopectin is hydrolyzed by ____-____

A

alpha - amylase

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52
Q

alpha amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into 3 things

A

glucose
maltose
isomaltose

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53
Q

carb of animals

A

glycogen

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54
Q

monomers of glycogen

A

glucose with branch every 8 bonds

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55
Q

glycogens branches every 8 bonds allows for more free ends and is ___ ___

A

tightly packed

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56
Q

animals store glycogen in the ____ and __

A

muscles

liver

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57
Q

2 types of bonds of glycogen

A

alpha 1-4

alpha 1-6 at the branches

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58
Q

glycogen is hydrolyzed by ___-____

A

alpha amylase

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59
Q

monomer of inulin

A

fructose

60
Q

inulin is found in roots and tubers of ___, ____ and ____

A

lotus
artichokes
dandilions

61
Q

monomer of dextrins

A

glucose

62
Q

dextrins are used commercially in ___ ___

A

sports drinks

63
Q

dietary fibers are a mixtures of ___ and ___-____

A

polysaccharides

non-carbs

64
Q

cellulose is a ___ ____

A

dietary fiber

65
Q

cellulose is used for ___ and ____ ____

A

paper

paper products

66
Q

cellulose have ___-____ bonds

A

beta 1-4

67
Q

cellulose is made from __-____ ___

A

d glucose glycan

68
Q

hemicellulose is made from __-__ with side chains of ____ acid and ___

A

d xylose
4-O-methylglucuronic acid
arbinose

69
Q

___ is always the sugar present in the largest amound

A

xylose

70
Q

__ is crystalline, strong and resistant to hydrolysis

A

cellulose

71
Q

___ has a random, amorphous structure with little strength

A

hemicellulose

72
Q

pectin is a polymer of ___ ___

A

galacturonic acid

73
Q

pectin joins ___ cells together

A

plant

74
Q

fungus enzymes break down __ in fruit, the fruit gets soft and mushy

A

pectin

75
Q

jams and jellies are ___ with pectin. pectin binds ____, keeping products from ___ ___

A

thickened
water
drying out

76
Q

pectin is ___ ___ and is considered a ___ dietary fiber

A

not digested

beneficial

77
Q

lignin is a polymer of ___ ___

A

methoxy phenols

78
Q

methoxy phenols have an ___

A

odor

79
Q

mucilage is a mixture of ___ and ____ ____

A

galactan

sugar acids

80
Q

galactan is a polymer of ___

A

galactose

81
Q

mucilage is found in ___, ___ ___ and __

A

seeds
seed coats
seaweeds

82
Q

extensin is the major example in dietary fibers and are __

A

glycoproteins

83
Q

phytic acid is an example of a ___ ___

A

sugar phosphate

84
Q

___ __ is often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy

A

phytic acid

85
Q

important sugar phosphate is ____-__-___

A

glucose-6-phosphate

86
Q

waxes are ___ of fatty acids and mono hydroxyl alcohols

A

esters

87
Q

esters are a condensation of __ and ___ __

A

alcohol

carboxylic acid

88
Q

trace minerals are ionically bonded to ___ ___ or ___ ___ of dietary fibers

A

sugar acids

phytic acids

89
Q

____: formed from the reduction of carbohydrates

A

polyols

90
Q

polyols are many ___

A

alcohols

91
Q

glucose is reduced to ____

A

sorbitol

92
Q

fructose is reduced to ___ or ___

A

sorbitol

mannitol

93
Q

mannose is reduced to ___

A

mannitol

94
Q

glucose is a _ carbon ___

A

6

aldehyde

95
Q

fructose is a __ carbon ___

A

6

ketone

96
Q

mannose is a ___ carbon ___

A

6

aldehyde

97
Q

galactose is reduced to ___

A

galactitol

98
Q

xylose is reduced to ___

A

xylitol

99
Q

dihydroxyacetone is reduced to ___

A

glycerol

100
Q

mannitol, xylitol, sorbital are all ___

A

sweeteners

101
Q

sorbitol and galactitol are synthesized in ___ epithelium, ___ nerves, seminal vesicles and kidneys

A

lens

peripheral

102
Q

___ ___: formed with the oxidation of carbs

A

sugar acids

103
Q

___ ___: carbs with an amine structure

A

amino sugars

104
Q

_____: polymers of carbohydrate derivatives

A

glycosaminoglycans

105
Q

hyaluronic acid is a ____

A

glycosaminoglycan

106
Q

hyaluronic acid is used for joint ____ and is a component of __ ___ of eyes

A

lubrication

vitreous humor

107
Q

chondroitin sulfate is a ____ and is a component of ___, ___ and other ___

A

glycosaminoglycans
bone
cartilage
CT

108
Q

heparin sulfate is a ____ that is an ____ ___ and binds ___ to alter their function

A

glycosaminoglycan
endogenous anticoagulant
protein

109
Q

polydactomy

A

too many fingers or toes

110
Q

____: when glycoaminoglycans are attached to proteins

A

proteoglycans

111
Q

GAG

A

glycoaminoglycans

112
Q

____, ___, __ are the major consituents of hyaline cartilage and the nucleus pulposus

A

collagen
water
proteoglycans

113
Q

___ ___: dense CT that forms the load bearing surfaces of synovial jts

A

articular cartilage

114
Q

what percent of articular cartilage is preoteoglycans?

A

4-7

115
Q

____: proteins with attached oligosaccharides

A

glycoproteins

116
Q

key examples of glycoproteins

A

antibodies

intrinsic factor

117
Q

intrinsic factor required for vitamin ____ absorption

A

B12

118
Q

____: proteins with GAGs attached

A

proteoglycans

119
Q

___: small peptides with attached GAS

A

peptidoglycans

120
Q

_____: polysaccharides with fatty acid attached

A

lipopolysaccharides

121
Q

___: comprised of galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and N-acetoglucosamine

A

heteropolysaccharides

122
Q

3 examples of furanose

A

fructose
alpha fructofuranose
beta fructofuranose

123
Q

3 examples of pyranose

A

glucose
alpha glucopyranose
beta glucopyranose

124
Q

____ ____: same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and properties

A

structural isomers

125
Q

___: same molecular formula, same structural formula, same atom attached to the same carbon, BUT different spatial arrangement with different properties

A

stereoisomers

126
Q

__ and __ ___: fxl groups on 2nd to last face L or R

A

D and L isomers

127
Q

___-___ anomers: the -OH of the anomeric carbon lies above or below the plane of the ring

A

alpha beta anomers

128
Q

stereoisomers

___: spatieal arrangement of side chains

A

epimers

129
Q

steroisomers

__ ___: physical property resulting from D and L isomers and alpha and beta isomers

A

optical isomers

130
Q

____ mixture: 50:50 mixture of d and l forms of a compound

A

racemic

131
Q

L/D=

A

structure

132
Q

l/d=

A

experimental

133
Q

reducing sugars have a free ____ or ____ group

A

aldehyde

ketone

134
Q

reducing sugars act as ___

A

reductants

135
Q

reducing sugars get ___ by acquiring an ___

A

oxidized

oxygen

136
Q

reducing sugars become ___

A

acids

137
Q

3 examples of reducing sugars

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

138
Q

___ reaction: add silver reagent… if Ag precipitates and lines the reaction vessel then it was a reducing sugar

A

Tollen’s

139
Q

____ or ____ reaction: copper oxide precipitates and turns a bluish color

A

fehlings

benedicts

140
Q

if tollens test is negative then ___-___ ___

A

non-reducing sugars

141
Q

phosphorilation of sugars comes from ___

A

ATP

142
Q

phosphorilation of sugars requires specific enzyme “___”

A

kinases

143
Q

___: all enzymes that phosphorilates things

A

kinases

144
Q

phosphorilation of sugars ____ the sugar by making it recognizable to subsequent enzymes for metabolism.

A

activates

145
Q

phosphorilation of sugars makes the molecule more ___ charged and ___ it from leaving the cell

A

negative

prevents

T2 - BioChem midterm 1 (5 decks)

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