BC - unit 3 Flashcards
___ are from ‘carbon’ and water’ (hydro)
carbohydrates
the ration of H to 0 in carbs is __:___
2:1
carbs are either ___ or ___ with many ___ groups
aldehydes
ketones
alcohol
____: carbs that cannot be further hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes
monosaccharides
___: each molecule can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides
disaccharides
disaccharides can be hydolyzed to two monosaccharides by ___
disaccharidase
____: polymers of 3+ monosaccharide residues
polysaccharides
____: less than 6 monosaccharide units
oligosacharide
____ ___ ___: additional functional groups or modifications added to carbs backbone
derivatives of carbs
aldoses: three carbon carbs
glyceraldehyde
glycerose
ketoses: 3 carbon carbs
dihydroxyacetone
3 carbon carbs are also called ___
trioses
4 carbon carbs are also called ___
tetroses
aldoses: 4 carbon carbs
erythrose
ketoses: 4 carbon carbs
erythrulose
5 carbon carbs are also called ___
pentoses
aldoses: 5 carbon carbs
ribose
xylose
2’ - deoxyribose
ketoses: 5 carbon carbs
ribulose
xylulose
6 carbon carbs are also called ____
hexoses
aldoses: 6 carbon carbs
glucose
galactose
ketoses: 6 carbon carbs
fructose
galactose turns into ___
glucose
aldoses are ___ and ___
aldehyde
sugar
ketoses are ___ and ___
ketones
sugar
a downward bond is an ___ bond
alpha
an upward bond is a ___ bone
beta
___: -OH can spin around and become an alpha or beta bond
mutarotation
___ ring: 5 carbon ring with an O
furan
monomers of maltose
dimer of glucose
“glucan”
___ is a polymer of glucoses
glucan
bonds of maltose
alpha 1-4
maltose is hydrolyzed by ___
maltase
maltase is located in the ___ ___ of the small intestine to break down to a monosaccharide
brush border
monomers of sucrose
glucose
fructose
bonds of sucrose
alpha 1-2
sucrose is hydrolyzed by ___, which is also known as ___
sucrase
invertase
____ sugar: is a sugar that when light hits is it rotates the other way when broken down to a monosaccharide
invert
monomers of lactose
glucose
galactose
bonds of lactose
beta 1-4
lactose is hydrolyzed by ___
lactase
monomer of cellobiose
dimer of D- glucose (like maltose)
bonds of cellobiose
beta 1-4
cellobiose is hydrolyzed by ___
cellulase
2 starches in plants
amylose
amylopectin
monomers of amylose
polymer of glucose
bonds of amylose
alpha 1-4
amylose hydrolyzed by ____-____
alpha amylase
monomers of amylopectin
polymer of glucose with branches every 12 bonds
branches in the chain of starch make it easier to ___
has more available ____
break
ends
bonds of amylopectin
alpha 1-4
alpha 1-6 on the branches
amylopectin is hydrolyzed by ____-____
alpha - amylase
alpha amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into 3 things
glucose
maltose
isomaltose
carb of animals
glycogen
monomers of glycogen
glucose with branch every 8 bonds
glycogens branches every 8 bonds allows for more free ends and is ___ ___
tightly packed
animals store glycogen in the ____ and __
muscles
liver
2 types of bonds of glycogen
alpha 1-4
alpha 1-6 at the branches
glycogen is hydrolyzed by ___-____
alpha amylase
monomer of inulin
fructose
inulin is found in roots and tubers of ___, ____ and ____
lotus
artichokes
dandilions
monomer of dextrins
glucose
dextrins are used commercially in ___ ___
sports drinks
dietary fibers are a mixtures of ___ and ___-____
polysaccharides
non-carbs
cellulose is a ___ ____
dietary fiber
cellulose is used for ___ and ____ ____
paper
paper products
cellulose have ___-____ bonds
beta 1-4
cellulose is made from __-____ ___
d glucose glycan
hemicellulose is made from __-__ with side chains of ____ acid and ___
d xylose
4-O-methylglucuronic acid
arbinose
___ is always the sugar present in the largest amound
xylose
__ is crystalline, strong and resistant to hydrolysis
cellulose
___ has a random, amorphous structure with little strength
hemicellulose
pectin is a polymer of ___ ___
galacturonic acid
pectin joins ___ cells together
plant
fungus enzymes break down __ in fruit, the fruit gets soft and mushy
pectin
jams and jellies are ___ with pectin. pectin binds ____, keeping products from ___ ___
thickened
water
drying out
pectin is ___ ___ and is considered a ___ dietary fiber
not digested
beneficial
lignin is a polymer of ___ ___
methoxy phenols
methoxy phenols have an ___
odor
mucilage is a mixture of ___ and ____ ____
galactan
sugar acids
galactan is a polymer of ___
galactose
mucilage is found in ___, ___ ___ and __
seeds
seed coats
seaweeds
extensin is the major example in dietary fibers and are __
glycoproteins
phytic acid is an example of a ___ ___
sugar phosphate
___ __ is often used in biological systems to store or transfer energy
phytic acid
important sugar phosphate is ____-__-___
glucose-6-phosphate
waxes are ___ of fatty acids and mono hydroxyl alcohols
esters
esters are a condensation of __ and ___ __
alcohol
carboxylic acid
trace minerals are ionically bonded to ___ ___ or ___ ___ of dietary fibers
sugar acids
phytic acids
____: formed from the reduction of carbohydrates
polyols
polyols are many ___
alcohols
glucose is reduced to ____
sorbitol
fructose is reduced to ___ or ___
sorbitol
mannitol
mannose is reduced to ___
mannitol
glucose is a _ carbon ___
6
aldehyde
fructose is a __ carbon ___
6
ketone
mannose is a ___ carbon ___
6
aldehyde
galactose is reduced to ___
galactitol
xylose is reduced to ___
xylitol
dihydroxyacetone is reduced to ___
glycerol
mannitol, xylitol, sorbital are all ___
sweeteners
sorbitol and galactitol are synthesized in ___ epithelium, ___ nerves, seminal vesicles and kidneys
lens
peripheral
___ ___: formed with the oxidation of carbs
sugar acids
___ ___: carbs with an amine structure
amino sugars
_____: polymers of carbohydrate derivatives
glycosaminoglycans
hyaluronic acid is a ____
glycosaminoglycan
hyaluronic acid is used for joint ____ and is a component of __ ___ of eyes
lubrication
vitreous humor
chondroitin sulfate is a ____ and is a component of ___, ___ and other ___
glycosaminoglycans
bone
cartilage
CT
heparin sulfate is a ____ that is an ____ ___ and binds ___ to alter their function
glycosaminoglycan
endogenous anticoagulant
protein
polydactomy
too many fingers or toes
____: when glycoaminoglycans are attached to proteins
proteoglycans
GAG
glycoaminoglycans
____, ___, __ are the major consituents of hyaline cartilage and the nucleus pulposus
collagen
water
proteoglycans
___ ___: dense CT that forms the load bearing surfaces of synovial jts
articular cartilage
what percent of articular cartilage is preoteoglycans?
4-7
____: proteins with attached oligosaccharides
glycoproteins
key examples of glycoproteins
antibodies
intrinsic factor
intrinsic factor required for vitamin ____ absorption
B12
____: proteins with GAGs attached
proteoglycans
___: small peptides with attached GAS
peptidoglycans
_____: polysaccharides with fatty acid attached
lipopolysaccharides
___: comprised of galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and N-acetoglucosamine
heteropolysaccharides
3 examples of furanose
fructose
alpha fructofuranose
beta fructofuranose
3 examples of pyranose
glucose
alpha glucopyranose
beta glucopyranose
____ ____: same molecular formula, but different structural formulas and properties
structural isomers
___: same molecular formula, same structural formula, same atom attached to the same carbon, BUT different spatial arrangement with different properties
stereoisomers
__ and __ ___: fxl groups on 2nd to last face L or R
D and L isomers
___-___ anomers: the -OH of the anomeric carbon lies above or below the plane of the ring
alpha beta anomers
stereoisomers
___: spatieal arrangement of side chains
epimers
steroisomers
__ ___: physical property resulting from D and L isomers and alpha and beta isomers
optical isomers
____ mixture: 50:50 mixture of d and l forms of a compound
racemic
L/D=
structure
l/d=
experimental
reducing sugars have a free ____ or ____ group
aldehyde
ketone
reducing sugars act as ___
reductants
reducing sugars get ___ by acquiring an ___
oxidized
oxygen
reducing sugars become ___
acids
3 examples of reducing sugars
glucose
galactose
fructose
___ reaction: add silver reagent… if Ag precipitates and lines the reaction vessel then it was a reducing sugar
Tollen’s
____ or ____ reaction: copper oxide precipitates and turns a bluish color
fehlings
benedicts
if tollens test is negative then ___-___ ___
non-reducing sugars
phosphorilation of sugars comes from ___
ATP
phosphorilation of sugars requires specific enzyme “___”
kinases
___: all enzymes that phosphorilates things
kinases
phosphorilation of sugars ____ the sugar by making it recognizable to subsequent enzymes for metabolism.
activates
phosphorilation of sugars makes the molecule more ___ charged and ___ it from leaving the cell
negative
prevents
