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Pharmacology Spring 2021: Set 2 > BBCS Notes > Flashcards

BBCS Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does diabetes increase risk of? What should be done to prevent this?

A
  1. Heart disease

2. Manage BP and cholesterol

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2
Q

How does insulin lower glucose?

A
  1. Glucose storage/through membranes

2. inhibit gluconeogenesis/lipolysis

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3
Q

Symptoms of DM1

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyphagia
  4. Wt loss
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4
Q

Symptoms of DM2

A
  1. Can be none or
  2. Same as DM1 or
  3. Complications occur which lead to diagnosis
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5
Q

Racial distribution of DM1

A

More common in white

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6
Q

Racial distribution of DM2

A

More common in African American/Hispanics/Native Americans

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7
Q

Who should be checked for gestational diabetes?

A

All preg women after 24 weeks

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8
Q

Gestational diabetes put baby at risk for what?

A
  • preeclampsia,
  • fetal macrosomia (which can cause shoulder dystocia& birth injury),
  • & neonatal hypoglycemia.
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9
Q

What does GDM put mothers at risk for?

A

DM2

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10
Q

Patho of GDM

A
  1. Placenta produces hormones’
  2. Hormones inhibit the functioning of insulin
  3. BS increased
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11
Q

Hypoglycemia patho

A
  1. Low BS
  2. Glucogon released from alpha cells of pancreas
  3. Liver releases glucose into blood
  4. Normal BS
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12
Q

Hyperglycemia patho

A
  1. High BS
  2. Insulin released from beta cells of pancreas
  3. Fat cells take in glucose from blood
  4. Normal BS
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13
Q

S&S of hypoglycemia

A
  1. Sleepy
  2. sweating
  3. pale/pallor
  4. lack of coordination
  5. irritable
  6. hunger
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14
Q

S&S of hyperglycemia

A
  1. dry mouth
  2. increased thirst
  3. blurred vision
  4. weakness
  5. headache
  6. frequent urination
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15
Q

Improper control of DM1 can cause

A

DKA (BS 300-400)

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16
Q

Improper control of DM2 can cause

A

HHKN (BS 600-900)

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17
Q

Children with DM1 are commonly diagnosed when?

A

After illness (usually viral)

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18
Q

What time of the day should a pt take latus?

A
  1. Whenever is convenient

2. Not when bolus is taken

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19
Q

For someone who was just diagnosed with DM1 what medication will they be started on?

A

Rapid

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20
Q

What insulin is most common?

A

Regular

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21
Q

What is HBA1C?

A

Average BS over 3 months

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22
Q

What do the differnt levels of HBA1C indicate?

A
  1. 7-6.4 (pre)

6. 5+ (diabetes)

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23
Q

What is the goal HBA1C for a pt with diabetes?

A

7

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24
Q

What labs should be checked when diagnosing a pt with DM2?

A
  1. BUN
  2. Creatinine
  3. Potassium
  4. Urinalysis
  5. HGB/HCT
  6. EKG
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25
Q

Pan of care for newly diagnosed pt with DM2

A
  1. Metformin
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26
Q

Pros of metformin

A
  1. low side effects
  2. does not increase wt
  3. cheap
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27
Q

Cons of metformin

A
  1. must d/c if getting a procedure w/dye

2. no alcohol

28
Q

What medication should pts with DM2 be on for HTN? What not?Why?

A
  1. ACE
  2. NOT statins
  3. ACE help w/renal func.
29
Q

What can low BS cause to occur?

A

Permanent brain damage

30
Q

What is a GDM pt treated with?

A

Metformin or insulin

31
Q

What is the “Gold standard” for DM therapy?

A

Insulin

32
Q

TSH/T3/T4 levels in hypo and hyperthyroidism

A

hypo: increased TSH, decreased T3/T4

Hyper opposite

33
Q

When might a preg women get tested before 24 wks?

A

if routine test shows high BS

34
Q

What preparations are required for glucose challenge (tolerance) screening test in preg women?

A

none

no fasting

35
Q

Normal glucose challenge (tolerance) screening test numbers

A

Fasting-about 95
1 hr- about 180
2 hr- about 155
3 hr- about 140

36
Q

What drug is used to treat hypothyroid? Generic and Brand

A

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

37
Q

How long for Levothyroxine (Synthroid) to take effect? Why?

A
  1. Long time (weeks) long half life
38
Q

What preg class is Levothyroxine (Synthroid)?

A

A

39
Q

What does Levothyroxine (Synthroid) effect?

A
  1. Heart

2 Can cause depression

40
Q

What must be done when first prescribing Levothyroxine (Synthroid)?

A

Check levels

1st check: 4-6 weeks
2nd check: 6-8 weeks
Once TSH is stable: once a year

41
Q

Why MUST hyperthyroid be treated?

A

To avoid thyroid storm

42
Q

What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism? prevelance?

A

Graves, 85%

43
Q

How to describe hyperthyroidism to pt

A

feedback loop has failed and caused excessive hormones in the body

44
Q

Most commonly used drug for hyperthyroid?

A

Methimazole (Tapazole)

45
Q

What other drug is used to treat hyperthyroid

A

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

46
Q

In which case would PTU be used over Methimazole?

A

If preg

47
Q

Labs to monitor in pt treated for hyperthyroid? why?

A
  1. CBC- RBCs, WBCs, platelets

2. can cause agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia

48
Q

Which hyperthyroid drug has BBW? What is it?

A
  1. PTU

2. liver failure

49
Q

How long does hyperthyroid treatment usually last?

A

6 to 12 months

50
Q

What is the function of “alpha” drugs?

A

Stim bone marrow to produce RBCs

51
Q

What pt usually use alpha drugs?

A
  1. CKD
  2. Chemo
  3. HIV
  4. Surgery
  5. Dialysis
52
Q

How are alpha drugs administered?

A

injection

53
Q

Adverse effects of alpha drugs

A
  1. increase risk of clots
  2. seizures
  3. Heart problems
  4. anaphylaxis
  5. Skin reactions
54
Q

Causes of iron def. anemia

A
  1. blood loss
  2. lack of dietary iron
  3. inability to absorb (GI disorder)
  4. preg (suppy mom and fetus)
55
Q

Risk factors of iron def anemia

A
  1. Women
  2. infants/children
  3. vegetarians
  4. blood donors
56
Q

Complications of iron def anemia

A
  1. Heart probs
  2. Preg probs
  3. growth prbs
57
Q

What is iron def. anemia treated with?

A

Iron “ferrous” or “iron”

58
Q

Drug interaction w iron

A

many meds decrease absorption

59
Q

Adverse effect of iron

A
  1. gastric irritation
  2. constipation
  3. dark stool/teeth
  4. anaphylaxis
60
Q

FOlate is found in what foods?

A

fruits and leafy green vegetables

61
Q

Who may have folic acid def.?

A
  1. Sm intestine probs (celicac)
  2. drinkers
  3. certain drugs (anti-seizure)
  4. preg
62
Q

B12 is in what foods?

A

meat, eggs and milk.

63
Q

What most commonly causes B12 def?

A
  1. Lack of intrinsic factor (caused by immune system?)

2. B12 cant be absorbed w/o intrsinisc factor

64
Q

Name of B12 anemia

A

Pernicious

65
Q

Who is at increased risk of pernicious anemia?

A
  1. Autoimmune
  2. Diabetes
  3. Thyroid disease

Pharmacology Spring 2021: Set 2 (14 decks)

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