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Question 1

Waves when awake

Answer 1

Alpha, Beta

Question 2

Stage1 sleep

Answer 2

Theta waves, transition between sleep and wakefulness

Question 3

Stage2 sleep

Answer 3

Sleep spindles(high freq low range), K complex (Low freq high range), Theta waves

Question 4

Stage3-4 sleep

Answer 4

Delta waves, Slow wave sleep, waking up groggy and confused; deepest phase of sleep, brain rests, consolidation of declarative memory (past experience)

Question 5

REM sleep

Answer 5

Theta and Beta waves, promotes brain development 90min nonREM per 20-30min of REM, consolidation of nondeclarative memory (experience and practice)

Question 6

Adenosine

Answer 6

Promotes sleep, decreases neural activity when increased in levels (sleep deprived)

Question 7

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and orexin

Answer 7

All promote alertness so only present in waking; ACh is present during REM, serotonin is present right after REM

Question 8

ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)

Answer 8

Majority of sleep neurons

Question 9

Gaba

Answer 9

suppress activity of arousal neurons, therefore promotes sleep

Question 10

Sleep/Wake Flip-Flop

Answer 10

Sleep-promoting vlPOA is inhibited by Brain stem and forebrain arousal systems that secrete ACH, NE Histamine, 5-HT ==> ALERT-AWAKE
Brain stem and forebrain arousal systems are inhibited by vlPOA ==> SLOW-WAVE SLEEP

Accumulation of Adenosine, Hunger, Thirst, Circadian clock affect LH orexinergic neurons, which affect arousal system

Question 11

REM Flip-Flop

Answer 11

REM-ON neurons fire in sublaterodorsal nucleus
REM-OFF neurons fire in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)
Acetylcholinergic neurons play important role