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BB week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

level at which the spinal cord ends

A

L2 w/ conus medullaris

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2
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves L2-L5

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3
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

peripheral, ascending and descending fiber pathways

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4
Q

central canal of the spinal cord

A

continues up into medulla, expands into the cavity of the 4th ventricle, closed on its caudal end, filled w/ CSF

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5
Q

filum terminale

A

prolongation of pia mater, attaches to back of coccyx

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6
Q

lateral corticospinal tract function

A

voluntary movement

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7
Q

anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract function

A

voluntary movement, confined to cervical and upper thoracic spine

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8
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract function

A

pain/temperature

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9
Q

posterior (dorsal) columns function

A

proprioception, tactile discrimination, vibratory sense

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10
Q

anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract function

A

light touch

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11
Q

posteror (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract function

A

unconscious proprioception

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12
Q

path and decussation of somatic efferents

A

originate in motor cortex, travel down through brainstem, decussate in medulla, descend as corticospinal tracts terminate in anterior horn

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13
Q

clinical symptoms that are caused by BOTH UMN and LMN lesions

A

weakness or paralysis

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14
Q

clinical symptoms distinct to UMN lesions

A

spasticity, no atrophy, no fasiculations or fibrillations, HYPERtonic reflexes, Babinski may be present

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15
Q

clinical symptoms distinct to LMN lesions

A

flaccid, atrophy, fibrillation and fasiculations may be present, HYPOtonic reflexes, Babinski absent

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16
Q

examples of UMN diseases

A

tumors of brain and spinal cord, stroke, MS, meningitis, cerebral palsy, ALS (both UMN and LMN)

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17
Q

examples of LMN diseases

A

trauma, polio (1% progress to UMN), birth injuries, muscular dystrophies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, mysthenia gravis, ALS (both UMN and LMN)

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18
Q

paresis

A

weakness (partial paralysis)

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19
Q

-plegia

A

no movement

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20
Q

paralysis

A

no movement

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21
Q

palsy

A

imprecise term for weakness or no movement

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22
Q

hemi-

A

one side of the body

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23
Q

para-

A

both legs

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24
Q

mono-

A

one limb

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25
Q

di-

A

both sides of body

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26
Q

quadri- or tetra-

A

all four limbs

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27
Q

axillary nerve innervation

A

deltoid

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28
Q

musculocutaneous nerve innervation

A

biceps

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29
Q

radial nerve innervation

A

triceps, wrist and hand extensors

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30
Q

median nerve innervation

A

most forearm flexors/pronators

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31
Q

ulnar nerve innervation

A

intrinsic hand flexors and extensors

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32
Q

obturator nerve innervation

A

adductor muscles of thigh

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33
Q

femoral nerve innervation

A

iliopsoas, quadriceps

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34
Q

peroneal nerve innervation

A

tibialis anterior, peroneal

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35
Q

tibial nerve innervation

A

gastrocnemius, posterior tibialis

36
Q

describe the reflex arc

A

sensory receptor organs exited, impulse travels along a sensory neuron to the posterior root ganglion, first order neuron terminates by synapsing on ventral root ganglion, motor neuron then stimulates a muscle or gland

37
Q

types of autonomic reflexes

A

digestion, blood pressure, posture (often go unnoticed because there is no visible or sudden movement)

38
Q

biceps reflex spinal nerve root

A

C5, C6

39
Q

brachioradialis reflex spinal nerve root

A

C5, C6

40
Q

triceps reflex spinal nerve root

A

C7, C8

41
Q

knee/ patella reflex spinal nerve root

A

L2-L4

42
Q

ankle reflex spinal nerve root

A

L5, S1, S2

43
Q

plantar reflex (Babinski sign) reflex spinal nerve root

A

L5, S1, S2

44
Q

normal Babinski reflex vs. abnormal Babinski reflex

A

normal: plantar flexion (toe down)
abnormal: plantar extension (toe up)

45
Q

when to expect an up-going toe w/ Babinski test

A

infants/children

46
Q

root reflex

A

baby turns head in direction of stroking at corner of mouth

47
Q

suck reflex

A

suckling in response to touching of roof of mouth

48
Q

grasp reflex

A

baby closes hand if stroke palm

49
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

fencing posture when head is turned to the side, arm on that side will straighten, opposite arm will bend

50
Q

moro reflex

A

startle or loud sound, baby throws head back, extends arms and legs, cries, pulls arms and legs back in

51
Q

step reflex

A

baby takes “steps” or dances when held upright and feet ar placed on firm surface

52
Q

crawl/swim reflex

A

legs flex/starts to crawl when placed on abdomen

53
Q

path and decussation of anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract

A

sense light touch and pressure, nerves enter spinal cord and decussate almost immediately, travel up opposite side of cord to thalamus, synapse w/ third order neuron

54
Q

path and decussation of lateral spinothalamic tract

A

sense pain/temp, nerves enter spinal cord and decussate almost immediately, travel up opposite side of cord to thalamus, synapse w/ third order neuron

55
Q

path and decussation of posterior (dorsal) columns

A

nerves enter spinal cord and initially travel up same side, cross over at junction of spinal cord and brainstem, travel to thalamus and synapse w/ third order neuron

56
Q

posterior (dorsal) column AKA

A

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

57
Q

path and decussation of anterior/posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

2 neuron pathway!
senses unconscious proprioception, connects cerebellum w/ same side of brain. synapse w/ second neuron occurs in spinal cord.

58
Q

anterior/ventral root

A

nerve cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter, conveys signals to motor organs

59
Q

posterior/dorsal root

A

nerve cell bodies in posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter, conveys signal from motor organs

60
Q

PNS nerve cell regeneration

A

some regeneration possible as long as cell body remains viable, crush injuries may heal with time, cut injuries require surgery and are less easily reversible

61
Q

cervical nerves

A

C1-C8

62
Q

thoracic nerves

A

T1-T12

63
Q

lumbar nerves

A

L1-L5

64
Q

sacral/coccygeal nerves

A

S1-S5 and coccygeal nerve

65
Q

are spinal nerves afferent or efferent?

A

ALL are MIXED

66
Q

shoulder dermatome

A

C5

67
Q

nipple deramtome

A

t4

68
Q

umbilicus dermatome

A

T10

69
Q

groin dermatome

A

L1

70
Q

how many dermatomes must be damaged to completely lose sensation in an area?

A

3

71
Q

which is greater, areas of tactile loss or areas of pain/temperature loss?

A

tactile loss, because pain/temperature has more extensive overlap

72
Q

primary function of the autonomic nervous system

A

regulate blood flow

73
Q

autonomic nervous system function according to Antoinette

A

ENTIRELY motor

74
Q

divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

75
Q

spinal cord levels of sympathetic nervous system

A

T1-L2, via cervical, thoracic, lumbar ganglia (ganglia is far from the organ it innervates)

76
Q

spinal cord levels and cranial nerves of parasympathetic nervous system

A

S2-S4 (ganglia is close to the organ it innervates), CN III, VII, IX, primarily X

77
Q

common causes of peripheral neuropathy

A

DM!!! trauma, infections, metabolic problems, exposure to toxins (chemo)

78
Q

common descriptives terms for symptoms of peripheral neuropathy

A

tingling, burning

79
Q

pattern of sensory loss in peripheral neuropathy

A

usually both feet, ascending, then fingers, hands, arms (usually bilateral)

80
Q

tic douloureux

A

trigeminal neuralgia
sudden “lightening-bolt-like” jab of pain, may be triggered by cold, brushing teeth, drinking, chewing, shaving, may last 15 min or more, often affects middle-aged and elderly, etiology unknown

81
Q

nerve affected in carpal tunnel

A

median

82
Q

pattern of sensory loss in carpal tunnel

A

thumb, index, middle finger

83
Q

central pain syndrome

A

AKA thalamic pain syndrome, neurological condition, affects people differently, caused by damage to CNS (stroke, thalamus or brainstem damage, MS, spinal cord injury, reaction to meds, TBI), deep burning, aching, cutting, tearing sensation, sometimes sudden shots of pain.

84
Q

complex regional pain syndrome

A

AKA reflex sympathetic dystrophy, chronic pain condition, intense pain out of proportion to the severity of injury, gets worse rather than better over time, most often affects one of arms, legs, hands or feed, often pain spreads, dramatic changes in color and temp of skin over affected area, cause unknown, sympathetic nervous system likely plays a role

85
Q

tertiary syphillis

A

AKA neurosyphillis, can follow initial infection by 3-15 years, spirochetes continued to reproduce for years, damage accumulates in bones, skin, nerves, heart, arteries, lesions are called gummas and are very destructive

86
Q

gummas

A

lesions from tertiary syphillis

87
Q

3 factors that determine the severity of seizure

A

location, extent of reach into tissues, duration

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