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BB week 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

level at which the spinal cord ends

A

L2 w/ conus medullaris

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2
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves L2-L5

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3
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

peripheral, ascending and descending fiber pathways

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4
Q

central canal of the spinal cord

A

continues up into medulla, expands into the cavity of the 4th ventricle, closed on its caudal end, filled w/ CSF

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5
Q

filum terminale

A

prolongation of pia mater, attaches to back of coccyx

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6
Q

lateral corticospinal tract function

A

voluntary movement

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7
Q

anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract function

A

voluntary movement, confined to cervical and upper thoracic spine

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8
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract function

A

pain/temperature

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9
Q

posterior (dorsal) columns function

A

proprioception, tactile discrimination, vibratory sense

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10
Q

anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract function

A

light touch

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11
Q

posteror (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract function

A

unconscious proprioception

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12
Q

path and decussation of somatic efferents

A

originate in motor cortex, travel down through brainstem, decussate in medulla, descend as corticospinal tracts terminate in anterior horn

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13
Q

clinical symptoms that are caused by BOTH UMN and LMN lesions

A

weakness or paralysis

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14
Q

clinical symptoms distinct to UMN lesions

A

spasticity, no atrophy, no fasiculations or fibrillations, HYPERtonic reflexes, Babinski may be present

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15
Q

clinical symptoms distinct to LMN lesions

A

flaccid, atrophy, fibrillation and fasiculations may be present, HYPOtonic reflexes, Babinski absent

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16
Q

examples of UMN diseases

A

tumors of brain and spinal cord, stroke, MS, meningitis, cerebral palsy, ALS (both UMN and LMN)

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17
Q

examples of LMN diseases

A

trauma, polio (1% progress to UMN), birth injuries, muscular dystrophies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, mysthenia gravis, ALS (both UMN and LMN)

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18
Q

paresis

A

weakness (partial paralysis)

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19
Q

-plegia

A

no movement

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20
Q

paralysis

A

no movement

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21
Q

palsy

A

imprecise term for weakness or no movement

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22
Q

hemi-

A

one side of the body

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23
Q

para-

A

both legs

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24
Q

mono-

A

one limb

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25
di-
both sides of body
26
quadri- or tetra-
all four limbs
27
axillary nerve innervation
deltoid
28
musculocutaneous nerve innervation
biceps
29
radial nerve innervation
triceps, wrist and hand extensors
30
median nerve innervation
most forearm flexors/pronators
31
ulnar nerve innervation
intrinsic hand flexors and extensors
32
obturator nerve innervation
adductor muscles of thigh
33
femoral nerve innervation
iliopsoas, quadriceps
34
peroneal nerve innervation
tibialis anterior, peroneal
35
tibial nerve innervation
gastrocnemius, posterior tibialis
36
describe the reflex arc
sensory receptor organs exited, impulse travels along a sensory neuron to the posterior root ganglion, first order neuron terminates by synapsing on ventral root ganglion, motor neuron then stimulates a muscle or gland
37
types of autonomic reflexes
digestion, blood pressure, posture (often go unnoticed because there is no visible or sudden movement)
38
biceps reflex spinal nerve root
C5, C6
39
brachioradialis reflex spinal nerve root
C5, C6
40
triceps reflex spinal nerve root
C7, C8
41
knee/ patella reflex spinal nerve root
L2-L4
42
ankle reflex spinal nerve root
L5, S1, S2
43
plantar reflex (Babinski sign) reflex spinal nerve root
L5, S1, S2
44
normal Babinski reflex vs. abnormal Babinski reflex
normal: plantar flexion (toe down) abnormal: plantar extension (toe up)
45
when to expect an up-going toe w/ Babinski test
infants/children
46
root reflex
baby turns head in direction of stroking at corner of mouth
47
suck reflex
suckling in response to touching of roof of mouth
48
grasp reflex
baby closes hand if stroke palm
49
tonic neck reflex
fencing posture when head is turned to the side, arm on that side will straighten, opposite arm will bend
50
moro reflex
startle or loud sound, baby throws head back, extends arms and legs, cries, pulls arms and legs back in
51
step reflex
baby takes "steps" or dances when held upright and feet ar placed on firm surface
52
crawl/swim reflex
legs flex/starts to crawl when placed on abdomen
53
path and decussation of anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract
sense light touch and pressure, nerves enter spinal cord and decussate almost immediately, travel up opposite side of cord to thalamus, synapse w/ third order neuron
54
path and decussation of lateral spinothalamic tract
sense pain/temp, nerves enter spinal cord and decussate almost immediately, travel up opposite side of cord to thalamus, synapse w/ third order neuron
55
path and decussation of posterior (dorsal) columns
nerves enter spinal cord and initially travel up same side, cross over at junction of spinal cord and brainstem, travel to thalamus and synapse w/ third order neuron
56
posterior (dorsal) column AKA
fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
57
path and decussation of anterior/posterior spinocerebellar tract
2 neuron pathway! senses unconscious proprioception, connects cerebellum w/ same side of brain. synapse w/ second neuron occurs in spinal cord.
58
anterior/ventral root
nerve cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter, conveys signals to motor organs
59
posterior/dorsal root
nerve cell bodies in posterior horn of spinal cord gray matter, conveys signal from motor organs
60
PNS nerve cell regeneration
some regeneration possible as long as cell body remains viable, crush injuries may heal with time, cut injuries require surgery and are less easily reversible
61
cervical nerves
C1-C8
62
thoracic nerves
T1-T12
63
lumbar nerves
L1-L5
64
sacral/coccygeal nerves
S1-S5 and coccygeal nerve
65
are spinal nerves afferent or efferent?
ALL are MIXED
66
shoulder dermatome
C5
67
nipple deramtome
t4
68
umbilicus dermatome
T10
69
groin dermatome
L1
70
how many dermatomes must be damaged to completely lose sensation in an area?
3
71
which is greater, areas of tactile loss or areas of pain/temperature loss?
tactile loss, because pain/temperature has more extensive overlap
72
primary function of the autonomic nervous system
regulate blood flow
73
autonomic nervous system function according to Antoinette
ENTIRELY motor
74
divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
75
spinal cord levels of sympathetic nervous system
T1-L2, via cervical, thoracic, lumbar ganglia (ganglia is far from the organ it innervates)
76
spinal cord levels and cranial nerves of parasympathetic nervous system
S2-S4 (ganglia is close to the organ it innervates), CN III, VII, IX, primarily X
77
common causes of peripheral neuropathy
DM!!! trauma, infections, metabolic problems, exposure to toxins (chemo)
78
common descriptives terms for symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
tingling, burning
79
pattern of sensory loss in peripheral neuropathy
usually both feet, ascending, then fingers, hands, arms (usually bilateral)
80
tic douloureux
trigeminal neuralgia sudden "lightening-bolt-like" jab of pain, may be triggered by cold, brushing teeth, drinking, chewing, shaving, may last 15 min or more, often affects middle-aged and elderly, etiology unknown
81
nerve affected in carpal tunnel
median
82
pattern of sensory loss in carpal tunnel
thumb, index, middle finger
83
central pain syndrome
AKA thalamic pain syndrome, neurological condition, affects people differently, caused by damage to CNS (stroke, thalamus or brainstem damage, MS, spinal cord injury, reaction to meds, TBI), deep burning, aching, cutting, tearing sensation, sometimes sudden shots of pain.
84
complex regional pain syndrome
AKA reflex sympathetic dystrophy, chronic pain condition, intense pain out of proportion to the severity of injury, gets worse rather than better over time, most often affects one of arms, legs, hands or feed, often pain spreads, dramatic changes in color and temp of skin over affected area, cause unknown, sympathetic nervous system likely plays a role
85
tertiary syphillis
AKA neurosyphillis, can follow initial infection by 3-15 years, spirochetes continued to reproduce for years, damage accumulates in bones, skin, nerves, heart, arteries, lesions are called gummas and are very destructive
86
gummas
lesions from tertiary syphillis
87
3 factors that determine the severity of seizure
location, extent of reach into tissues, duration

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