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BB week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what structures make up the forebrain?

A

cerebrum and the diencephalon

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2
Q

what structures are located within the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

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3
Q

what structures make up the brainstem? from top to bottom?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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4
Q

discuss the organization of the peripheral nervous system

A

afferent: divided into somatic visceral, special sensory
efferent: divided into somatic motor and autonomic motor (autonomic motor is further divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)

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5
Q

corpus callosum

A

massive bundle of nerve fivers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

what cells form the major output type of cell in the cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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7
Q

what cells are the major input and processing type of cell in the cortex?

A

non-pyramidal cells

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8
Q

structures that make up the basal ganglia

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus palidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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9
Q

classic triad of Wernicke’s encepalopathy

A

encephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia

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10
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

thiamine deficiency, usually seen in alcoholics

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11
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

what structures make up the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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14
Q

rostral

A

superior or toward the cradium

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15
Q

function of glial cells

A

support, insulate, nourish neurons

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16
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS? PNS?

A

nucleus, ganglia

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17
Q

bundle of pathways in the CNS? PNS?

A

tract (aka fasiculus, peducle, or lemniscus), never

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18
Q

layers of mater from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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19
Q

common cause of epidural (extradural) hematoma

A

trauma, rupture of middle meningeal artery, near the pterion

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20
Q

pterion

A

side of skull where frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones come together (MMA runs beneath it)

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21
Q

common cause of subdural hematoma

A

usually due to rupture in the VEINS that drain the surface of the brain into the dural sinuses, most often associated with head trauma

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22
Q

location of subdural hematoma

A

between dura and arachnoid maters

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23
Q

S/Sx of subdural hematoma

A

insidious onset after head trauma, more common in older adults

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24
Q

prognosis of subdural hematoma

A

overall mortality 40-60% in patients requiring surgery

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25
common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
usually due to arterial or aneurysmal rupture
26
S/Sx of subarachnoid hemorrhage
"worst headache of my life!", blood drains into CSF and rapidly increases ICF
27
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
bleeding into the tissue of the brain itself, second most common cause of stroke, can accompany tumor growth or treatment
28
median longitudinal fissure
divides R and L hemispheres of cerebrum
29
falx cerebri
fold in dural mater, lies in longitudinal fissure, separates cerebral hemispheres
30
corpus callosum
largest connective pathway in the brain, coordinates movement, processes complex information anterior portion=genu posterior portion=splenium
31
genu
anterior portion of corpus callosum
32
splenium
posterior portion of the corpus callosum
33
central (Rolandic) fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes
34
lateral (Sylvian) fissure
separates parietal and temporal lobes
35
commissure definition
bundles of white fibers connecting homologous areas of the two hemispheres
36
anterior commisure
connects inferior and medial temporal lobes, includes decussating fibers from olfactory tract
37
posterior commisure
``` rounded band of white fibers crossing midline of dorsal/upper surface of the cerebral aqueduct. interconnects the (pretectal) nuclei, which receive input from retinal ganglion cells via optic tract, mediates consensual pupillary light reflex. ```
38
tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
39
frontal lobe function
motor, gray matter in motor strip provides movement on opposite side of body
40
internal capsule
area of motor fibers, fan downward from precentral gyrus in the cortex, descent into the brainstem where it crosses over to other side in the medulla, descend through the spinal cord.
41
anterolateral system
AKA spinothalamic tract, somatosensory: pain, temp, crude touch (pressure, hair-associated)
42
amygdala
nuclei deep to temporal lobe, associated w/ limbic system (emotional, learning, memory modulation, addiction)
43
dorsal columns
AKA posterior columns AKA DCML, somatosensory, touch (crude and discriminative, pressure hair-associated, vibration, proprioception)
44
dorsal root ganglion
includes cell body/somas of afferent/sensory/bipolar neurons.
45
dorsal column nuclei
post-central gyrus of cerebral cortex, sensory "homoncuculus"
46
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
largely includes the axons of afferent neurons (cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion), includes axons in the dorsal/posterior columns, which is largely responsible for fine-touch, , proprioception, vibration.
47
enkephalin
endogenous opioid, binds delta receptors
48
raphe nuclei
cluster of nuclei found in the brain, may secrete seratonin, SSRIs are thought to act on these
49
reticular activating system
sleep-wake, attention, something to do with thalamus and hypothalamus
50
ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
somatosensory relay station, where second and third order neurons synapse
51
somatosensory cortex location
post-central gyrus, part of the parietal lobe
52
motor cortex location
pre-central gyrus, part of the frontal lobe
53
name the 3 motor areas
1. premotor cortex 2 supplementary motor cortex 3. primary motor cortex
54
location of Broca's area
frontal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)
55
location of Wernicke's area
temporal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)
56
prefrontal cortex
most anterior portion of the frontal cortex
57
calcrine cortex location
AKA primary visual cortex, medial surface of the occipital lobe, main site of input of signals coming from the retina
58
DCML sensations
vibration, proprioception, two-point, sterognosis/texture
59
ALS sensations
(FIRE!) pain, temperature
60
DCML/ALS sensations
touch: hair associated and pressure
61
Meissner's corpuscle sensations
touch (texture), pressure, and vibrations
62
Merkel's corpuscle sensations
touch and pressure
63
free neuron endings sensations
noxious stimuli, temp, touch, pressure
64
Pacinian corpuscle sensations
vibration and deep pressure
65
Ruffini corpuscle sensations
skin stretch (sustained pressure)
66
secondary somatosensory cortex
important for spatial summation and temporal difference
67
deficit in the secondary somatosensory cortex
tactile agnosia
68
what neurotransmitters are released in response to noxious stimuli?
substance P (neuropeptide) or glutamate, stimulated by binding of bradykinin to bradykinin receptors on ALS neuron after tissue injury
69
how many nuclei are in the cerebellum?
4
70
how many lobes are in the cerebellum?
3
71
cerebellar cortex
made of tightly folded grey matter
72
striatum
primary input to the basal ganglia, split into ventral and dorsal striatum, the dorsal striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the putamen
73
caudate nucleus
part of dorsal striatum of the basal ganglia, associated w/ motor processes, plays a role in Parkinson's, also associated w/ procedural learning, associative learning, and executive function
74
putamen nucleus
base of forebrain, together w/ caudate nucleus forms the dorsal striatum part of the dorsal striatum, part of the basal ganglia, regulates movement, and influences learning
75
deficit in the basal ganglia
resting tremor
76
deficit in the cerebellum
loss of coordination when moving
77
globus pallidus
part of core of basal ganglia, regulates voluntary movement

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