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BB week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what structures make up the forebrain?

A

cerebrum and the diencephalon

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2
Q

what structures are located within the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

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3
Q

what structures make up the brainstem? from top to bottom?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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4
Q

discuss the organization of the peripheral nervous system

A

afferent: divided into somatic visceral, special sensory
efferent: divided into somatic motor and autonomic motor (autonomic motor is further divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)

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5
Q

corpus callosum

A

massive bundle of nerve fivers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

what cells form the major output type of cell in the cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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7
Q

what cells are the major input and processing type of cell in the cortex?

A

non-pyramidal cells

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8
Q

structures that make up the basal ganglia

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus palidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
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9
Q

classic triad of Wernicke’s encepalopathy

A

encephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia

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10
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

thiamine deficiency, usually seen in alcoholics

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11
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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13
Q

what structures make up the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum

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14
Q

rostral

A

superior or toward the cradium

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15
Q

function of glial cells

A

support, insulate, nourish neurons

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16
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS? PNS?

A

nucleus, ganglia

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17
Q

bundle of pathways in the CNS? PNS?

A

tract (aka fasiculus, peducle, or lemniscus), never

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18
Q

layers of mater from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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19
Q

common cause of epidural (extradural) hematoma

A

trauma, rupture of middle meningeal artery, near the pterion

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20
Q

pterion

A

side of skull where frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones come together (MMA runs beneath it)

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21
Q

common cause of subdural hematoma

A

usually due to rupture in the VEINS that drain the surface of the brain into the dural sinuses, most often associated with head trauma

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22
Q

location of subdural hematoma

A

between dura and arachnoid maters

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23
Q

S/Sx of subdural hematoma

A

insidious onset after head trauma, more common in older adults

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24
Q

prognosis of subdural hematoma

A

overall mortality 40-60% in patients requiring surgery

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25
Q

common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

usually due to arterial or aneurysmal rupture

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26
Q

S/Sx of subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

“worst headache of my life!”, blood drains into CSF and rapidly increases ICF

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27
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the tissue of the brain itself, second most common cause of stroke, can accompany tumor growth or treatment

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28
Q

median longitudinal fissure

A

divides R and L hemispheres of cerebrum

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29
Q

falx cerebri

A

fold in dural mater, lies in longitudinal fissure, separates cerebral hemispheres

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30
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest connective pathway in the brain, coordinates movement, processes complex information
anterior portion=genu
posterior portion=splenium

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31
Q

genu

A

anterior portion of corpus callosum

32
Q

splenium

A

posterior portion of the corpus callosum

33
Q

central (Rolandic) fissure

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

34
Q

lateral (Sylvian) fissure

A

separates parietal and temporal lobes

35
Q

commissure definition

A

bundles of white fibers connecting homologous areas of the two hemispheres

36
Q

anterior commisure

A

connects inferior and medial temporal lobes, includes decussating fibers from olfactory tract

37
Q

posterior commisure

A 
rounded band of white fibers crossing midline of dorsal/upper surface of the cerebral aqueduct. 
interconnects the (pretectal) nuclei, which receive input from retinal ganglion cells via optic tract, mediates consensual pupillary light reflex.
38
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

39
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor, gray matter in motor strip provides movement on opposite side of body

40
Q

internal capsule

A

area of motor fibers, fan downward from precentral gyrus in the cortex, descent into the brainstem where it crosses over to other side in the medulla, descend through the spinal cord.

41
Q

anterolateral system

A

AKA spinothalamic tract, somatosensory: pain, temp, crude touch (pressure, hair-associated)

42
Q

amygdala

A

nuclei deep to temporal lobe, associated w/ limbic system (emotional, learning, memory modulation, addiction)

43
Q

dorsal columns

A

AKA posterior columns AKA DCML, somatosensory, touch (crude and discriminative, pressure hair-associated, vibration, proprioception)

44
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

includes cell body/somas of afferent/sensory/bipolar neurons.

45
Q

dorsal column nuclei

A

post-central gyrus of cerebral cortex, sensory “homoncuculus”

46
Q

dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

largely includes the axons of afferent neurons (cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion), includes axons in the dorsal/posterior columns, which is largely responsible for fine-touch, , proprioception, vibration.

47
Q

enkephalin

A

endogenous opioid, binds delta receptors

48
Q

raphe nuclei

A

cluster of nuclei found in the brain, may secrete seratonin, SSRIs are thought to act on these

49
Q

reticular activating system

A

sleep-wake, attention, something to do with thalamus and hypothalamus

50
Q

ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

somatosensory relay station, where second and third order neurons synapse

51
Q

somatosensory cortex location

A

post-central gyrus, part of the parietal lobe

52
Q

motor cortex location

A

pre-central gyrus, part of the frontal lobe

53
Q

name the 3 motor areas

A
  1. premotor cortex
    2 supplementary motor cortex
  2. primary motor cortex
54
Q

location of Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)

55
Q

location of Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)

56
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

most anterior portion of the frontal cortex

57
Q

calcrine cortex location

A

AKA primary visual cortex, medial surface of the occipital lobe, main site of input of signals coming from the retina

58
Q

DCML sensations

A

vibration, proprioception, two-point, sterognosis/texture

59
Q

ALS sensations

A

(FIRE!) pain, temperature

60
Q

DCML/ALS sensations

A

touch: hair associated and pressure

61
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle sensations

A

touch (texture), pressure, and vibrations

62
Q

Merkel’s corpuscle sensations

A

touch and pressure

63
Q

free neuron endings sensations

A

noxious stimuli, temp, touch, pressure

64
Q

Pacinian corpuscle sensations

A

vibration and deep pressure

65
Q

Ruffini corpuscle sensations

A

skin stretch (sustained pressure)

66
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex

A

important for spatial summation and temporal difference

67
Q

deficit in the secondary somatosensory cortex

A

tactile agnosia

68
Q

what neurotransmitters are released in response to noxious stimuli?

A

substance P (neuropeptide) or glutamate, stimulated by binding of bradykinin to bradykinin receptors on ALS neuron after tissue injury

69
Q

how many nuclei are in the cerebellum?

A

4

70
Q

how many lobes are in the cerebellum?

A

3

71
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

made of tightly folded grey matter

72
Q

striatum

A

primary input to the basal ganglia, split into ventral and dorsal striatum, the dorsal striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the putamen

73
Q

caudate nucleus

A

part of dorsal striatum of the basal ganglia, associated w/ motor processes, plays a role in Parkinson’s, also associated w/ procedural learning, associative learning, and executive function

74
Q

putamen nucleus

A

base of forebrain, together w/ caudate nucleus forms the dorsal striatum part of the dorsal striatum, part of the basal ganglia, regulates movement, and influences learning

75
Q

deficit in the basal ganglia

A

resting tremor

76
Q

deficit in the cerebellum

A

loss of coordination when moving

77
Q

globus pallidus

A

part of core of basal ganglia, regulates voluntary movement

BB (3 decks)

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