BB week 2 Flashcards
what structures make up the forebrain?
cerebrum and the diencephalon
what structures are located within the diencephalon?
hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
what structures make up the brainstem? from top to bottom?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
discuss the organization of the peripheral nervous system
afferent: divided into somatic visceral, special sensory
efferent: divided into somatic motor and autonomic motor (autonomic motor is further divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric)
corpus callosum
massive bundle of nerve fivers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres
what cells form the major output type of cell in the cortex?
pyramidal cells
what cells are the major input and processing type of cell in the cortex?
non-pyramidal cells
structures that make up the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus palidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra
classic triad of Wernicke’s encepalopathy
encephalopathy, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
thiamine deficiency, usually seen in alcoholics
how many spinal nerves are there?
31
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
what structures make up the hindbrain?
medulla, pons, cerebellum
rostral
superior or toward the cradium
function of glial cells
support, insulate, nourish neurons
collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS? PNS?
nucleus, ganglia
bundle of pathways in the CNS? PNS?
tract (aka fasiculus, peducle, or lemniscus), never
layers of mater from deep to superficial
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
common cause of epidural (extradural) hematoma
trauma, rupture of middle meningeal artery, near the pterion
pterion
side of skull where frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones come together (MMA runs beneath it)
common cause of subdural hematoma
usually due to rupture in the VEINS that drain the surface of the brain into the dural sinuses, most often associated with head trauma
location of subdural hematoma
between dura and arachnoid maters
S/Sx of subdural hematoma
insidious onset after head trauma, more common in older adults
prognosis of subdural hematoma
overall mortality 40-60% in patients requiring surgery
common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
usually due to arterial or aneurysmal rupture
S/Sx of subarachnoid hemorrhage
“worst headache of my life!”, blood drains into CSF and rapidly increases ICF
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
bleeding into the tissue of the brain itself, second most common cause of stroke, can accompany tumor growth or treatment
median longitudinal fissure
divides R and L hemispheres of cerebrum
falx cerebri
fold in dural mater, lies in longitudinal fissure, separates cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
largest connective pathway in the brain, coordinates movement, processes complex information
anterior portion=genu
posterior portion=splenium
genu
anterior portion of corpus callosum
splenium
posterior portion of the corpus callosum
central (Rolandic) fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes
lateral (Sylvian) fissure
separates parietal and temporal lobes
commissure definition
bundles of white fibers connecting homologous areas of the two hemispheres
anterior commisure
connects inferior and medial temporal lobes, includes decussating fibers from olfactory tract
posterior commisure
rounded band of white fibers crossing midline of dorsal/upper surface of the cerebral aqueduct. interconnects the (pretectal) nuclei, which receive input from retinal ganglion cells via optic tract, mediates consensual pupillary light reflex.
tentorium cerebelli
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
frontal lobe function
motor, gray matter in motor strip provides movement on opposite side of body
internal capsule
area of motor fibers, fan downward from precentral gyrus in the cortex, descent into the brainstem where it crosses over to other side in the medulla, descend through the spinal cord.
anterolateral system
AKA spinothalamic tract, somatosensory: pain, temp, crude touch (pressure, hair-associated)
amygdala
nuclei deep to temporal lobe, associated w/ limbic system (emotional, learning, memory modulation, addiction)
dorsal columns
AKA posterior columns AKA DCML, somatosensory, touch (crude and discriminative, pressure hair-associated, vibration, proprioception)
dorsal root ganglion
includes cell body/somas of afferent/sensory/bipolar neurons.
dorsal column nuclei
post-central gyrus of cerebral cortex, sensory “homoncuculus”
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
largely includes the axons of afferent neurons (cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion), includes axons in the dorsal/posterior columns, which is largely responsible for fine-touch, , proprioception, vibration.
enkephalin
endogenous opioid, binds delta receptors
raphe nuclei
cluster of nuclei found in the brain, may secrete seratonin, SSRIs are thought to act on these
reticular activating system
sleep-wake, attention, something to do with thalamus and hypothalamus
ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
somatosensory relay station, where second and third order neurons synapse
somatosensory cortex location
post-central gyrus, part of the parietal lobe
motor cortex location
pre-central gyrus, part of the frontal lobe
name the 3 motor areas
- premotor cortex
2 supplementary motor cortex - primary motor cortex
location of Broca’s area
frontal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)
location of Wernicke’s area
temporal lobe, of the dominant hemisphere (ONLY ON ONE SIDE!)
prefrontal cortex
most anterior portion of the frontal cortex
calcrine cortex location
AKA primary visual cortex, medial surface of the occipital lobe, main site of input of signals coming from the retina
DCML sensations
vibration, proprioception, two-point, sterognosis/texture
ALS sensations
(FIRE!) pain, temperature
DCML/ALS sensations
touch: hair associated and pressure
Meissner’s corpuscle sensations
touch (texture), pressure, and vibrations
Merkel’s corpuscle sensations
touch and pressure
free neuron endings sensations
noxious stimuli, temp, touch, pressure
Pacinian corpuscle sensations
vibration and deep pressure
Ruffini corpuscle sensations
skin stretch (sustained pressure)
secondary somatosensory cortex
important for spatial summation and temporal difference
deficit in the secondary somatosensory cortex
tactile agnosia
what neurotransmitters are released in response to noxious stimuli?
substance P (neuropeptide) or glutamate, stimulated by binding of bradykinin to bradykinin receptors on ALS neuron after tissue injury
how many nuclei are in the cerebellum?
4
how many lobes are in the cerebellum?
3
cerebellar cortex
made of tightly folded grey matter
striatum
primary input to the basal ganglia, split into ventral and dorsal striatum, the dorsal striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the putamen
caudate nucleus
part of dorsal striatum of the basal ganglia, associated w/ motor processes, plays a role in Parkinson’s, also associated w/ procedural learning, associative learning, and executive function
putamen nucleus
base of forebrain, together w/ caudate nucleus forms the dorsal striatum part of the dorsal striatum, part of the basal ganglia, regulates movement, and influences learning
deficit in the basal ganglia
resting tremor
deficit in the cerebellum
loss of coordination when moving
globus pallidus
part of core of basal ganglia, regulates voluntary movement
