bb ch 1-5 - quiz 1 Flashcards
Systemic means…
Organized by the 12 body systems
Regional means…
By natural body subdivisions
Plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
- Median/midsagittal
Vertical planes that divide the body into unequal left and right sides
Sagittal
Vertical planes that divide the body into unequal left and right sides
Sagittal
Vertical plane perpendicular with the median plane, divides the body into front and back
Frontal / coronal
Horizontal plane perpendicular to both median and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower parts
Transverse/ horizontal
What is the largest organ in the body and its % weight
Skin (integumentary) and 15% of total weight
Define the functions of the integumentary system
Protect underlying tissues from UV, bacteria, radiation, water
a site of sensory nerve receptors
Regulate body temp
Water excretion (sweat)
Formation of.vitamin D
What type of tissue is the epidermis
Vascular? Nerves?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Avascular, has nerve receptors and endings
Label the integumentary system diagram.
Which layer contains melanocytes
Epidermis
What does keratin form on the body surface and where?
Papillary ridges (fingerprints)
On the palms and soles
What type of tissue is the dermis made of?
Vascular? Nerves?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Vascular and contains nerves
What fraction of the skin does the dermis make up?
What other structures lie within the dermis?
80%
Collagen fibers
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
What kind of tissue makes up the subcutaneous tissue?
Vascular? Nerves?
Loose connective tissue with many adipose cells
Vessels and nerves go through on the way to dermis
What is the purpose of adipose tissue? Which gender naturally has more?
Insulation, conserve body heat, shock absorber
Females
Where are hair follicles originated?
Epidermis and grow down into dermis and subcutaneous
What do sebaceous glands release and what is it made of?
Sebum (oil) is made using disintegration of some gland cells
Go through a duct into the neck of the hair follicle
What kind of muscle is the arrector pilorum muscle and where is it?
Smooth muscle
Epidermal/dermal junction attached to a hair follicle
Where are sweat glands and what passes through them?
The secretion portion is in the dermis, and the duct portion is in the epidermis
Sweat ( h2o and nacl )
Defined the functions of the skeletal system
Support and structure of the body
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Protection of certain vital organs
Hemopoiesis
Storage of certain chemical substances like calcium and phosphate
What are the four types of bones?
Long bone, short bone, flat bone and irregular bone
What are the characteristics of a long bone? Give an example
Length exceeds the width and has a medullary canal. Humerus
What are the characteristics of a short bone? Give an example
The length equals the width. Carpals
What are the characteristics of a flat bone give an example
Expanded into one plane. Scapula
What are the characteristics of irregular bones?
Does not fit into the other three categories like vertebrae
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
What are the bones of the axial skeleton?
Skull and hyoid (23)
Vertebral column (26: 7 C, 12 T, 5 L, sacrum, coccyx)
Ribs and sternum (25: 12 pairs of ribs)
Bones of middle ear (6)
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 carpals
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges
Hip
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
ALL X2! TWO SIDES!
How many bones are in the human body and define sesamoid and ectopic bone
206
Sesamoid: bone located in tendons like patella
Ectopic: pathological bone formation
Label the long bone diagram
What is an epiphysis of a long bone? What is the shape and what does it do?
Two ends of a long bone
Wider than the shaft
Takes part in forming the joint
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The shaft of long bone
What is compact bone and where is it found?
Bone lay down in concentric layers to appear solid
Found in the diaphysis, forms the outer surface of all bones
What is spongy bone and where is it found?
Then plates of bone that meet other plates of bone various angles, leaving spaces between them
It is found in the epiphysis and metaphysis
What kind of tissue makes up the periosteum?
Connective tissue sheath that has two layers
What is a characteristic of the outer periosteum and what does it do?
It is a tough fibrous layer
Place of insertion for muscle tendons
What is a characteristic of the inner periosteum and what does it do?
It is a delicate cellular layer
It produces growth in the diameter of the bone
What is the characteristic of the endosteum? Where is it found and what does it do?
It is a thin cellular layer
It lines the medullary cavity and cavities of spongy bone
It destroys bone, allowing for growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity so bone does not become too solid and heavy
Where is the medullary cavity and what does it do?
It runs the length of the diaphysis
It contains red marrow that actively forms blood cells, yellow marrow, where fat cells are stored, or combinations of both
What type of tissue is the articular cartilage made of? Where is it and what does it do?
It is a thin layer of hyaline Cartilage
It covers the articular surface of each epiphysis
It cushions the joint during movement
What is an epiphyseal disk? Where is it and what does it do?
In a growing child, it is a cartilage plate
It is found at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphysis
Allows for growth of the long bone in length and is not present when growth is complete
What type of tissue makes up the metaphysis and where is it located?
Spongy bone tissue
Junction of the diaphysis and epiphyseal disc. In the adult it is continuous with epiphysis
What is the design of cartilage? Does it have nerves or blood vessels?
Tough connective tissue, composed of cells embedded in a gel like firm intercellular substance
It is avascular and does not have nerves
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
What are some examples of structures made with hyaline cartilage?
Embryo
Epiphyseal disc
Articular cartilage
Costal cartilage
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Nasal cartilage
What are some examples of fibrocartilage locations?
Interpubic disc (pubic symphysis)
Intervertebral disc
What are some examples of elastic cartilage locations?
Auricle
Auditory tube
Epiglottis
What are the three major types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Give two examples of fibrous joints, including characteristics, movement type, location, and example.
SUTURE - formed by two bones with serrated surfaces
immovable
only located in the skull
example: sagittal suture
SYDENSMOSIS: more connective tissue than suture
slightly movable
between radius/ulna, tib/fib
example: radioulnar sydesmosis
Give two examples of cartilaginous joints, including characteristics, movement type, location, and example.
HYALINE: hyaline cartilage
immovable
between epiphysis and diaphysis
example: epiphyseal disc
FIBROCARTILAGINOUS: fibrocartilage
slightly movable
example: interpubic or vertebral discs
Characteristics of a synovial joint
Possession of a cavity, permit free movement
Intervening tissue is synovial fluid
Articular cartilage - hyaline, avascular, no nerves, radiolucent
What does the articular capsule do?
Connect the two bones in completely encapsulates the joint and encloses the synovial cavity
What is a characteristic of the outer layer of the articular capsule?
It is a fibrous layer continuous with the periosteum
What are characteristics of the inner layer of the articular capsule? What does it do?
It is also called the synovial membrane
It lines the fibrous layer, is quite vascular, and produces synovial fluid, which is derived from blood
It lubricates the joint in nourishes the articular cartilage
Describe a gliding movement
A slight slipping of one bone over another, usually occurring with flat surfaces
little actual movement occurs
Describe a gliding movement
A slight slipping of one bone over another, usually occurring with flat surfaces
little actual movement occurs
What characteristics can limit movement
Shape of the articulating surfaces
Ligaments and capsule at the joint
Muscles that act on the joint
Name the six types of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, condyloid
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
PLANE
Almost flat surfaces
Sliding or gliding movements
Example: between carpal and tarsal bones
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
HINGE
One or more convex projection fitting into a concave surface
Flexion and extension in the sagittal plane
Example: elbow, interphalangeal, knee, and ankle
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
PIVOT
Rounded projection rotating within a con cave depression for surfaces
Medial and lateral rotation around a longitudinal axis
Example: between the radius and the ulnar (radioulnar joint)
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
CONDYLOID
Condyloid projection fitting into a concave depression
Flexion extension, abduction, abduction in the frontal and sagittal planes, and circumduction
Example: wrist joint
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
SADDLE
Surfaces are reciprocally concave convex
Flexion extension, abduction, abduction in the sagittal and frontal planes and circumduction plus rotation
Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint:
BALL AND SOCKET
Spherical surface on one bone moving within the socket of another bone
Flexion extension, abduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation in infinite planes
Example: shoulder and hip
What is the rule of stability of a joint?
As the degree of freedom of movement increases, the stability of the joint decreases
What is a bursa and what does it do?
Small connective tissue sack lined with a synovial membrane
It facilitates movement by minimizing friction between two moving structures
What is a synovial sheath and where is it located?
An elongated bursa that encloses a tendon
Often is located between the tendons of the wrist and ankle and the retinacula of the wrist and ankle
Describe
# of nuclei
Striations?
Location
OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Long spindles thick in center and pointed at ends, when circularly arranged around an organ or vessel, the contraction obliterates the cavity of the organ
1 nucleus per cell
No striations
Walls of internal organs and vessels
of nuclei
Striations?
Location
OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
1 nucleus per cell
Striated
Heart
Describe
# of nuclei
Striations?
Location
OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Composed of long cells up to 4 cm
More than one nucleus needed
Highly visible striations
Attached to bones
What type of tissue is the fascia and where is it located?
Connective tissue layer that surrounds muscles and is adjacent muscles, just external to the epimysium and is often fused with it
What are the functions of the fascia?
Permit gliding of one muscle over another
Pathways for vessels and nerves
Has a rich blood and nerve supply
What are the seven ways muscles can be named?
Direction of fibers
Function
Shape
Location
Number of heads of origin
Size of the muscle
Points of attachment
What are the seven types of muscle attachments?
Bone
Cartilage
Skin
Fascia
Ligament
Tendon
Aponeurosis (flattened tendon)
