Battles and Rebellions

Question 1

When the king ordered for men for battle how many were sent?

Answer 1

out of every 5 hide of land 1 man had to be sent

Question 2

What was the military service called?

Answer 2

the fyrd

Question 3

What did the select fyrd gather men for?

Answer 3

to fight anywhere in England for the King

Question 4

What did the general fyrd gather men for?

Answer 4

To fight locally

Question 5

Which men fought for the select fyrd?

Answer 5

Thegns and men they picked out

Question 6

What did the thegns possess whilst in army?

Answer 6

Cavalry
Weapons
Armour

Question 7

What was the period of time that these men could fight in battle and why was it set out?

Answer 7

It was 40 days. Because there farms and crops could become damaged if the men were away for too long especially at harvest time

Question 8

Who rebelled against the Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson?

Answer 8

local thegns

Question 9

Why did King Edward the confessor not respond to this attack by fighting the earls?

Answer 9

Because the earls (including Tostig’s brother Harold) advised against it

Question 10

Why did the thegns rebel against Earl Tostig?

Answer 10

Northumbria was taxed too heavily by Tostig
He didn’t defend Northumbria from Scottish attacks as he was friends with the King of Scotland
He was unfair: imposed new laws to help him get rid of his rivals, He pretended people have committed crimes in order to take money from them
Ordered the death of some of his rivals (that were highly born)
He was a Southerner ruling a land of Northern People which has always been led by Notherners and people resented this

Question 11

When did the battles of Gate Fulford and Stamford bridge take place?

Answer 11

in 1066

Question 12

How many Vikings and warships were brought by Harold Hardrada on his attack to England (in Gate Fulford and Stamford bridge)

Answer 12

200-300 warships and around 10,000 vikings

Question 13

Who did Harold Hardrada and Tostig epically defeat at Gate Fulford?

Answer 13

Edwin and Morcar

Question 14

Why did Edwin and Morcar loose at Gate Fulford?

Answer 14

they were outnumbered 2 men to 3 men
Hardrada had a good technique. Put Tostig’s less experienced men at one wing then when the English went for them he’d hit them from the side with his experienced shoulders
Edwin and Morcar positioned their army with marshland behind them so they couldn’t fleed back

Question 15

What did Harold do when he found out the proceedings of what had happened at Gate Fulford?

Answer 15

He marched his fyrd quickly up to the North to give him the element of surprise at Stamford Bridge

Question 16

Who won the battle at Stamford bridge?

Answer 16

Tostig and Hardrada were defeated by Harold Godwinson at Stamford bridge where they were both slain

Question 17

What events happened following Stamford bridge?

Answer 17

William of Normandy and his knights sailed up to England.

Question 18

What was the name of the battle in which Harold Godwinson fought William of Normandy in?

Answer 18

Battle of Hastings

Question 19

What was the main reason that was believed to be the main cause of William’s victory?

Answer 19

Harold’s men were tired out and (some had been killed) from Stamford Bridge.

Question 20

Which earls did not join Harold Hardrada in battle at Hastings?

Answer 20

Edwin and Morcar for some unknown reason did not lead his men into battle at Stamford Bridge

Question 21

What were the features of Norman knights?

Answer 21

Norman knights were on horses and have armoury kite shaped shaped shield, have swords lance also javelin, saddles meant knights were more balanced

Question 22

what were the features of anglo saxon knights?

Answer 22

had round shields and axes, have helmets, wear armour made of chain

Question 23

Why did William win the the battle of Hasting?

Answer 23

Harolds men had had been weakened by the battle.Harold positioned his men at the top of a hill where they made a shield wall. At first William’s men did not manage to break it as their archers lost arrow power due to the uphill conditions and the horses were tired out so were unable to march at and break the shield wall. However William then told his men to pretend to fled the battle so that Harold’s more undisciplined men ran after them where they would be slain and the shield wall would break. This worked and led to William’s victory

Question 24

Where did the earls submit to William in 1066?

Answer 24

At Berkhamstead where he was met by Edgar Aethling and the leading men of London (Edwin, Morcar, and archbishop Aeldred

Question 25

What castles were built to protect the people?

Answer 25

Motte and Bailey Castles

Question 26

What features did Motte and Bailey castles have

Answer 26

Had ditches (either filled or unfils), they were only possible to enter from a bridge which was watched by men in the watch tower, there were gates around the whole castle, they had a small hill where at the top where there would be the strong keep (strong wooden tower) that had some access through either stairs or some funk bridge

Question 27

what were the 3 marcher earldoms?

Answer 27

Shrewsbury, Chester, and Hereford
the earldoms bordering Wales

Question 28

Why were the Marcher earldoms so important and how were they adapted to their function?

Answer 28

The Marcher earldoms were significant because they bordered Wales who they had had past conflict with.
The earldoms were smaller and based in a shire sized town in order for them to be more tightly controlled and the earls of these earldoms were allowed to create towns and markets as well as establish new churches which were rights usually only the king would have. In the marcher earldoms the earls were more powerful than the sheriffs so had the full power of law. They didn’t have to pay tax unlike the other earls to encourage them to spend money of the defence of their earldom. They also had the right to build castles to help with their defence.

Question 29

When was the first Revolt of Edwin and Morcar

Answer 29

1068

Question 30

Who rebelled with Edwin and Morcar?

Answer 30

Edgar Aethling, Waltheof Godwinson and many other earls

Question 31

what were the causes of the 1068 revolt?

Answer 31

Bad gov- Seizing land for unlawful reasons
Edwin- promised William’s daughter’s hand in marriage but William went back on his promise.
Morcar- Part of his land was taken and given to Copsin ( an old thegn who had shown support for him
loss of land- earldoms and land was taken away/ reduced from people to grant land to the followers of William
Castles- beimg built to intimidate anglo saxons
Taxes- too heavy in 1066

Question 32

Who led the rebellion of the North in 1069?

Answer 32

Edgar Aethling, with the support of Northumbrian rebels, Malcom III, and King Swein of Denmark.

Question 33

What were some consequences of the rebellions of the North?

Answer 33

The death of the newly appointed (in 1069) earl of Northumbria Cumin whom was abusing his power with violence so was then killed by Northumbrian rebels.
The death of the governor in York
An attack on the sheriff and his men

Question 34

What happened when William found out about the Northern rebellions?

Answer 34

He quickly marched down an army and routed the rebels out of York. Edgar got refuge in Scotland. Castle was built for William FitzOsbern to keep control of the North

Question 35

When did the Danes attack again?

Answer 35

The Summer of 1069

Question 36

Who did the Danes meet up with when they reached England?

Answer 36

Edgar Aethling and his troops coming up from Scotland

Question 37

What did the Normans accidentally do when trying to defend York from the Anglo-Danish army?

Answer 37

They set York on fire

Question 38

Where did other rebellions take place at the same time?

Answer 38

Devon, Shrewsburry and Chester