Basics of Bioenergetics (Powers 3)

Question 1

What is Metabolism

Answer 1

-Sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 2

Difference between Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

Answer 2

-Catabolic) Breaking apart (Exergonic)
-Anabolic) Coming together (endergonic)

Question 3

Bioenergetics

Answer 3

-Converting Energy from foodstuffs into a from the body can use (ATP, etc).

Question 4

Cellular Oxidation of Glucose

Answer 4

-6O2 + C6H12O6 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
-Energy is lost as heat during each step of the oxidation of glucose but some is retained in forms the body can use.

Question 5

ATP synthesis, structure, and breakdown

Answer 5

-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates.
-Synthesis) ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + Pi (phosphate) > ATP
-ATP > ADP + Pi + Energy (broken down by ATPase).

Question 6

What are Coupled Reactions

Answer 6

-Reactions That occur Together; Energy given off by exergonic reactions power the endergonic reaction
-Not an efficient process in our bodies; Takes a lot of energy intake to make energy for our body to use.

Question 7

What is Photosynthesis (Equation and def)

Answer 7

• Process in which plants turn water and carbon dioxide into usable energy and oxygen using the energy from the sun
• 6CO2 + 6H20 >(Sunlight)> C6H12 + O2

Question 8

What is Cell Respiration (Equation and def)

Answer 8

-Process in which animals break down fuel (glucose) into energy and substrates
- C6H12O6 + 6H20 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

Question 9

What are the different types of Work a Cell can do.

Answer 9

-Mechanical Work) Moving substances
-Synthetic) Synthesizing proteins
-Osmotic
-Electrical) Maintaining a electric potential

Question 10

Fatty Acids

Answer 10

-Primary type of fat used by the muscle (triglycerides)
-Storage form of fat in muscle/adipose
-Breaks down into glycerol/Fatty acids.

Question 11

Phospolipids

Answer 11

-Major Component of Cellular Membranes.
-Not used as an energy Source

Question 12

Steroids

Answer 12

-Derived from Cholesterol
- Needed to synthesize sex hormones

Question 13

Properties of Proteins

Answer 13

• Composed of amino acids
  -Gluconeogenesis) conversion of amino acids to glucose in liver. done when body glucose levels are low
  -Can be converted to metabolic intermediates to contribute as a fuel source in muscle.
  -Not a primary energy source for excercise

Question 14

Properties of Proteins

Answer 14

• Composed of amino acids
  -Gluconeogenesis) conversion of amino acids to glucose in liver. done when body glucose levels are low
  -Can be converted to metabolic intermediates to contribute as a fuel source in muscle.
  -Not a primary energy source for exercise

Question 15

Non-oxidative energy pathways in cells

Answer 15

-Also referred to as Anaerobic
-Immediate Pathways) ATP and CP cycle
-Glycolytic Pathways) Breakdown of Glucose/Glycogen for ATP

Question 16

Oxidative energy pathway in cells

Answer 16

-Also called the Aerobic pathway because it requires Oxygen
-TCA cycle) Aerobic breakdown of glucose, glycogen or lipids that yields more ATP than anaerobic pathways.

Question 17

Time Course of Energy Pathway contributions during activity

Answer 17

Immediate (ATP/CP) > NonOxidative > Oxidative

Question 18

Glucose interactions with cells

Answer 18

-Glucose Enters cell via facilitated diffusion. Glucose transmitter GLUT4 responds when insulin is present outside the cell and creates glucose channels
-GLUT4 also is activated due to muscle contraction.
-Glucose diffuses into cell with concentration gradient.

Question 19

Important Steps In Glycolysis

Answer 19

-1st Step) Glucose is immediately phosphorized upon entering the cell and turns into G6P. This maintains the glucose concentration gradient
- Two ATP is used to bring put one molecule of glucose through the glycolytic process. This results in a gross yield of 4 ATP (Net Yield 2 ATP)

Question 20

Role of Glycogen in Glycolysis

Answer 20

-Cells Have Glycogen stores which means that no ATP is used bringing glucose into the cell. This means that the final Net Yield of ATP is 3 for one molecule of glycogen vs 2 for glucose
-Cells will try to save their glycogen stores in case of a heavier load. Will use Blood Glucose until demand increases too much.