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ECG > Basics: Leads, Normal ECG components > Flashcards

Basics: Leads, Normal ECG components Flashcards

1
Q

Which frontal leads are the inferior leads? (3)

A

Lead II
Lead III
aVF

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2
Q

Which frontal leads are the left lateral leads?

A

Lead I

aVL

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3
Q

Which frontal lead is the right-sided lead?

A

aVR

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4
Q

Angle for lead II

A

+60 (5 o’clock position)

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5
Q

angle for lead III

A

+ 120 (7 o’clock position)

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6
Q

angle for aVF

A

+90 (6 o’clock position)

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7
Q

angle for lead I

A

0 (3 o’clock position)

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8
Q

angle for aVL

A

-30 (2 o’clock position)

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9
Q

angle for avR

A

-150 (10 o’clock position)

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10
Q

Which precordial lead?

4th ICS, right of sternum

A

V1

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11
Q

Which precordial lead?

4th ICS, left of sternum

A

V2

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12
Q

Which precordial lead?

5th ICS, MCL

A

V4

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13
Q

Where is V3 placed?

A

between V2 and V4

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14
Q

Which precordial lead?

5th ICS, MAL

A

V6

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15
Q

where is V5 placed?

A

between V4 and V6

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16
Q

Anterior group leads… (3)

A

V2, V3, V4

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17
Q

Left lateral group leads… (4)

A

I, aVL, V5, V6

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18
Q

inferior group leads (3)

A

II, III, aVF

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19
Q

Right ventricular group leads (2)

A

aVR, V1

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20
Q

small box = ___s

A

0.04s

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21
Q

large box = ___s

A

0.20s

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22
Q

small box = ____mV

A

0.10mV

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23
Q

what component of an ECG?

A deflection, either positive or negative, away from the baseline (isoelectric line) of the ECG tracing

A

wave

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24
Q

a complex is composed of…

A

several waves

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25
Q

what component of an ECG?

A straight line between waves or complexes

A

segment

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26
Q

what component of an ECG?

A segment and a wave

A

interval

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27
Q

3 components of a normal p wave

configuration:
amplitude:
precedes:

A

configuration: small, upright, round
amplitude: 0.05-0.25 mv (0.5-2.5 small boxes)

precedes each QRS

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28
Q

the P wave indicates ____ in the heart

A

atrial depolarization/contraction

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29
Q

the PR interval is the distance between beginning of ______ and beginning of _____

A

beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS

30
Q

The PR interval represents the time it takes for an impulse to be conducted

A

from atria to AV node (depolarization)

31
Q

normal PR interval:

time:
variability:

A

0.12-0.20s (3-5 small boxes)

constant

32
Q

normal P wave duration…

A

0.06-0.10s (2.5 small squares)

33
Q

A normal P wave is biphasic in which lead?

A

V1

34
Q

A normal P wave is upright in which leads?

A

I, II, aVF, V2-V6

35
Q

A normal P wave is inverted in which lead?

A

aVR

36
Q

If normal P waves in lead II and preceding each QRS, it can be assumed that the impulse originated where?

A

SA node

37
Q

P wave amplitude > 2.5 (tall) in lead II or > 1.5 mm in V1, what condition might be present?

A

Right atrial enlargement

38
Q

A prolonged P wave > 0.12s on frontal plane (lead II) may indicate…

A

left atrial enlargement

39
Q

If P wave becomes inverted after being normal/upright, consider…

A

retrograde/reverse conduction

Junctional Arrhythmia

40
Q

varying P waves (3 or more different P waves) indicates

A

wandering pacemaker

41
Q

The below conditions would have what effect on an ECG P wave?

junctional rhythm
atrial flutter
a fib
hyperkalemia

A

absent P wave

42
Q

PR segment runs from…

A

end of p wave to start of QRS

43
Q

this is the time from end of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization.

A

PR segment

44
Q

Q waves are best seen in which 4 leads?

A

left lateral leads: I, aVL, V5, V6

45
Q

QRS complex represents what action taking place?

A

ventricular depolarization

46
Q

Which lead has a deep negative normal S wave?

A

aVR

47
Q

which leads show a large positive R wave in normal conditions?

A

left lateral and inferior leads

48
Q

in precordial leads, R wave amplitude (increases/decreases) moving from right to left

A

increases ( V5>V1)

49
Q

normal duration of QRS interval…

A

0.06-0.12s (1.5-3 small boxes)

roughly half of PR interval

50
Q

This segment represents the time between end of ventricular depolarization to start of ventricular repolarization.

A

ST segment

51
Q

This wave represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

52
Q

T waves can have a very ____ appearance

A

variable (depends on hormonal, neuro, etc)

53
Q

If there was a tall positive R wave, you can expect the T wave to be…

A

positive

54
Q

normal amplitude (height) of a T wave is ___ - ____ of the corresponding R wave

A

1/3-2/3

55
Q

This is the interval that represents the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular depolarization.

Therefore represents the electrical events of the ventricles

A

QT interval

56
Q

duration of QT is proportional to…

A

HR

57
Q

QT interval generally constitutes ___% of normal R-R interval

A

40%

58
Q

normal QT interval duration…

A

0.36-0.44s (9-11 small boxes)

59
Q

Prolonged QT can lead to what arrythmia?

A

torsade de pointes

60
Q

This is a small, rounded, upright wave most easily seen w. slow HR.

it represents repolarization of purkinje fibers.

presence or absence isn’t abnormal

A

U wave

61
Q

Prolonged PR interval can mean what? (3)

A

digoxin toxicity
heart block (AV block)
myocardial ischemia/infarction

62
Q

Shortened PR interval can indicate…

A

junctional arrhythmia

pre-excitation syndromes

63
Q

Deep, wide Q waves may indicate what condition? (Q wave amplitude 25% of r amplitude, or duration of Q wave 0.04s)

A

myocardial infarction

64
Q

notched R waves can signify what condition?

A

bundle branch block

65
Q

widened QRS (> 0.12s) may indicate

A

ventricular conduction delay

66
Q

If QRS complexes are missing, what conditions (2) may be present?

A

AV block, ventricular standstill

67
Q

Depressed ST segment (0.5mm < baseline) can indicate what two conditions? (downsloping)

A

digoxin toxicity

MI

68
Q

ST elevation (1mm > than baseline) can indicate (upsloping)

A

MI

69
Q

tall, peaked, tented T waves can indicate what 2 conditions?

A

MI

Hyperkalemia

70
Q

Inverted T waves in leads I, II, V3-V6 may represent…

A

MI

71
Q

Heavily knotched or pointed T waves may suggest…

A

pericarditis

ECG (9 decks)

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