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ECG > Axis & Chamber Enlargement > Flashcards

Axis & Chamber Enlargement Flashcards

1
Q

Predominant direction is positive in Leads I and aVF, this indicates a ______ axis

A

normal

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2
Q

Lead 1: Positive

aVF: Negative

A

LAD

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3
Q

Range between 0 and -90 degrees…

A

LAD

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4
Q

Lead 1: negative

aVF: Positive

A

RAD

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5
Q

Lead 1: negative

aVF: negative

A

indeterminate/extreme axis

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6
Q

range between 90 and 180

A

RAD

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7
Q

Range between -90 and 180

A

indeterminate

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8
Q

aVF degrees…

A

+ 90

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9
Q

Lead I degrees

A

0

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10
Q

The axis points in the direction of the lead with the ________ QRS complex in the frontal plane

A

tallest QRS complex

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11
Q

The axis is ________ to a lead with an equiphasic QRS complex

A

perpendicular

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12
Q

Positive deflection lead I = aVF

A

+45 degrees (halfway between 90 and 0)

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13
Q

Positive deflection lead I > avF

A

axis between 0 and 45 (closer to Lead I)

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14
Q

positive deflection lead I < aVF

A

axis between 45 and 90 (closer to aVF

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15
Q

R wave in aVL > R wave in Lead I…

A

Strong LAD w. LAHB

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16
Q

R wave in lead III > R wave in aVF

A

Strong RAD w. LPHB

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17
Q

The below are causes of…

• Q waves of inferior myocardial infarction
• Chronic coronary artery disease
• Diffuse myocardial disease, such as
cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, myocarditis, etc.
• Some cases of hyperkalemia
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with a rightsided
accessory pathway
• Left ventricular hypertrophy

A

LAD

18
Q

The below are causes of…

• Normal finding in children and tall thin adults
• Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Chronic lung disease even without pulmonary
hypertension
• Anterolateral myocardial infarction
• Left posterior hemiblock
• Pulmonary embolus
• Dextrocardia
A

RAD

19
Q

Who might have a vertical heart, with mean QRS axis toward 90 degrees?

A

tall, thin individuals

20
Q

Who may have a more horizontal heart, with the mean QRS shifting more leftward?

A

obese, pregnant

21
Q

Atrial enlargement is assessed in which leads?

A

II, V1

22
Q

P wave amplitude > 2.5 mm (2.5 boxes)

A

RAE, P Pulmonale

23
Q

P wave duration > 0.10s (2.5 boxes)

A

LAE, P Mitrale

24
Q

P wave amplitude > 2.5 mm (2.5 boxes) and duration > 0.10s (2.5 boxes)

A

Biatrial enlargement

25
Q

In lead V1, how is RAE identified?

A

upward deflection > downward deflection

26
Q

V1 P waves are usually…

A

biphasic

27
Q

The below are common conditions with…

Pulmonic stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation

A

RAE

28
Q

In lead V1/V2, how is LAE identified?

A

negative deflection > 0.04s and > 1mm deep

(1 box wide and deep)

(prolonged and deep, scoop like)

29
Q

In LAE, what should you see in leads I, II, and V4 - V6?

A

notched, broad P wave

30
Q

The below conditions present with…

Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

A

LAE

31
Q

The below are common causes of what?

  • Hypertension
  • Valvular heart disease
A

LVH

32
Q

LVH can be diagnosed if the sum of the deepest ____ in ____/______ + tallest _____ in ___/_____ are > _____mm

A

deepest S in V1 or V2 + tallest R in V5 or V6 > 35mm

33
Q

LVH can be diagnosed if the R wave in ____ is > ____

A

R wave in aVL is > 11mm

34
Q

LVH can be diagnosed if the R wave in _____ + the S wave in ______ are > _____

A

R in Lead I + S in Lead III > 25mm

35
Q

RAD can indicate what chamber abnormality?

A

RVH

36
Q

LAD can indicate what chamber abnormality?

A

LVH

37
Q

R wave > S wave in V1 indicates…

A

RVH

38
Q

S wave > R wave in V6 indicates…

A

RVH

39
Q

Downward progressing R waves from V1-V5 indicates…

A

RVH

40
Q

very large R waves in lateral leads (V4, V5, V6) can indicate

A

LVH

ECG (9 decks)

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