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2 Biomechanics > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Kinematics

A

describes motion of the body without regard to forces or torques that cause motion. Position, velocity, acceleration

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2
Q

Kinetics

A

describes the effects of forces on torques on the body
forces, torques

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3
Q

Linear force

A

translation
all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of that body

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4
Q

Angular force

A

rotation
rigid body moves on a circular path around an axis of rotation

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5
Q

Osteokinematics

A

describes the motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of body (sagittal, frontal, transverse)

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6
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

describes motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of the joints

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7
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

how many directions does a join move, max is 3

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8
Q

Closed pack position

A

think stability
position of maximal joint congruency
capsule and supporting ligaments are maximally tight
accessory motion or joint play is minimized

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9
Q

Loose packed psoition

A

position with less joint congruency
capsule and supporting ligaments are lax
accessory motion or joint play is greater

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10
Q

Stress

A

Force/area
greater forces or smaller areas = higher stress

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11
Q

Strain

A

change in length/original length
greater change in length = more strain

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12
Q

Toe region of stress/strain curve

A

collagen fibers crimpled, not taut
beginning of graph

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13
Q

Elastic region of stress/strain curve

A

stress and strain are linear, change in tissue length is proportional to applied force

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14
Q

Plastic region of stress/strain curve

A

tissue elongated beyon physiological range, tissue is permanently deformed

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15
Q

Ultimate Failure of stress/strain curve

A

tiny point in plastic region
tissue partly or completely separates

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16
Q

Stiffness of stress/strain curve

A

Stress/strain = slope of line (y/x)
extent to which a body resists deformation

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17
Q

Viscoelasticity of stress/strain curve

A

over time tissues may deform with sustained stress
Creep = constant stress, objects experience time dependent increases in strain

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18
Q

Rate of stress/strain

A

tissues become stiffer when load applied quickly
protective mechanism

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19
Q

Active tension

A

depends on number of cross-bridges
ideal muscle length to maximize force generation is generally MID LENGTH/MID LENGTH OF SARCOMERES

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20
Q

Passive tension

A

when both types of elastic components are stretched, passive tension builds

titin makes up most of passive early on
tendon and mysiums contribute later

examples: achilles during walking, subscap during pitching

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21
Q

Series-elastic

A

attached in an end to end chain, with active elements
tendon, titin, in line with active

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22
Q

Parallel elastic

A

surround active elements
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascia

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23
Q

How would you measure muscle force as a clinician?

A

you cannot directly measure msucle force OR tension
you can’t place a transducer in the muscle.tendon
you can only measure NET RESULT of muscular contraction with dynamometer

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24
Q

T/F: You can measure muscle force with EMG

A

False, you measure muscle electrical activity

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25
Q

T/F you can determine the type of muscle contraction with EMG

A

False.
you can measure msucle activity amplitude = peak, average
or muscle timing = onset, offset, duration

26
Q

Movement artifact

A

movement of sensor relative to the skin, can create sharp transient spikes.
EMG is limited by stabilization, consistent effort, multiple extensors

27
Q

Force

A

push or pull that results from physical contact between objects, or any action that may change the state of rest or state of motion of the object

28
Q

Tension

A

opposing forces, pulling, attempt to elongate body

29
Q

Compression

A

opposing forces, pushing, attempt to shorten body

30
Q

Bending

A

opposing torques at opposite ends of fixed body attempting to curve it

31
Q

Shear

A

adjacent but not directly opposite forces (pushing or pulling)

32
Q

Torsion

A

opposing torques attempt to twist body

33
Q

External Forces

A

acting outside the system, or outside the body. GRF, gravity, external load

34
Q

Internal Forces

A

acting inside the system
muscle contractile forces (active), soft tissue tensile forces (passive), bony contact forces (passive)

35
Q

Newton’s 3rd law

A

for every action (force) there is a reaction/opposing force of equal magnitude but in opposite direction

36
Q

Fusiform

A

muscle fibers run parallel to one another, to a central tendon. Biceps or triceps

37
Q

Pennate

A

fibers approach central tendon obliquely. may be unipennate, bi, multi

38
Q

Pennation angle

A

angle between the muscle fibers and tendon
Greater angle = less force delivered to tendon
but oblique orientation = more muscle fibers
pennate can produce more force

39
Q

Physiologic Cross-Sectional Area

A

area of the cross section of a muscle perpendicular to its fibers, generally at its largest point
larger in pennate muscles given oblique orientation

40
Q

Concentric

A

muscle shortens as it contracts, internal torque exceeds external torque

41
Q

Eccentric

A

muscle lengthens as it contracts, external torque exceeds internal torque

42
Q

Isometric

A

muscle does not change length as it contracts, torques equal each other

43
Q

Force-velocity

A

Concentric: Force and velocity are inversely related; the slower the velocity, the more force you can produce

eccentric: the faster you move, the more force you can produce.

44
Q

Newton’s 2nd law

A

F=ma
if there is a net force acting on an object, it will produce an acceleration in the direction of the force, directly proportional to the force

45
Q

Newton’s 1st law

A

an object will remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force

46
Q

Scalar

A

quantities that have magnitude only
distance, speed, length, time, temp

47
Q

Vector

A

quantities that have magnitude and direction
force, displacement, velocity

48
Q

Force through COR

A

translation

49
Q

Force not through COR

A

rotation, translation

50
Q

Torque/moment/moment of force

A

the turning or rotation effect produced by a force

force applied about an axis of rotation, causes a torque, causes rotation.

51
Q

Force couple

A

2 equal and opposite forces at equal distance from COR = rotation only

52
Q

Torque

A

Force x moment arm

53
Q

Free body diagram steps

A

define coordinate system
draw body of interest
define COR
draw each force vector
draw MA

54
Q

Moment arm always

A

goes through COR
is perpendicular to force vector

55
Q

Joint reaction force

A

force generate at the joint in response to forces acting on the joint

always goes through COR, doesn’t create torque

56
Q

FIrst class lever

A

Joint is inbetween muscle (internal force) and weight (external force)

can be mechanical advantage or disadvantage

57
Q

Second class lever

A

the external force (weight) is located between the internal force (muscle) and axis of rotation

mechanical advantage

58
Q

Third class lever

A

The internal force (muscle) is located between the external force (weight) and the axis of rotation

mechanical disadvantage

59
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

internal moment arm / external moment arm

60
Q

Potential force production is highest during which type of motion?

A

Eccentric

2 Biomechanics (9 decks)

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