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2 Biomechanics > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Why are spines reciprocally curved?

A

acts as a spring for shock absorption
increased flexibility
distributes weight
decreased force on vertebral discs
curves create offsetting and opposite torqus

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2
Q

Ligament anterior to vertebral body

A

stretched during extension
anterior longitudinal

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3
Q

Ligament posterior to vertebral body

A

stretched during flexion
posterior longitudinal

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4
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits spinal extension
limits excessive lordosis in the cervical and lumbar regions
reinforces intervertebral discs anteriorly

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5
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits spinal flexion
limits excessive kyphosis in the thoracic region
reinforces intervertebral discs posteriorly

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6
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

Yellow ligament, high concentration of elastin

modest but constant resistance through flexion; softens intervertebral compression near end-range flexion

elasticity exerts small but constant compression force between vertebra

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7
Q

Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

A

limits spinal flexion

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8
Q

Intertransverse ligaments

A

limits spinal flexion and contralateral lateral flexion

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9
Q

Limiting passive structure axial rotation

A

intertransverse
annulus fibrosus
Z-joints

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10
Q

Lateral Flexion passive limiting structures

A

annulus fibrosus
Z-joints
intertransverse lig

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11
Q

Extension limiting structures passive

A

Z-joints
anterior annulus fibrosus
anterior longitudinal lig

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12
Q

Flexion limiting passive structures

A

interspinous/supraspinous
ligamentum flava
Z_joints
post annulus fibrosus
post longitudinal lig

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13
Q

Transverse/spinous processes

A

mechanical outriggers that increase leverage of muscles

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14
Q

Z-joints

A

apophyseal joints
primarily responsible for guiding intervertebral arthrokinematics

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15
Q

Interbody joint

A

intervertebral disc, vertebral bodies
absorb and distribute majority of load across the vertebral column
serve as approximate axes of rotation

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16
Q

Z-joint capsule

A

lax in neutral, taut in many directions

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17
Q

Intervertebral disc as spacers

A

greater space = greater sagittal and frontal plane ROM available
adequate passage for spinal nerve roots

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18
Q

Impairments of intervertebral disc

A

abnormal kinematics
postural issues
bone remodeling
neural tissue impingement

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19
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

15-25 concentric layers of collagen
abundant elastin interspersed throughout
switches direction each layer, helps to resist multiple directions

Vertical–distraction/compression
Horizontal–shear/torsion
Oblique–all directions

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20
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

70-80%
collagen, elastin, other proteins

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21
Q

Function of discs

A

absorb and distribute loads across vertebral column
assist in spinal stabilization

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22
Q

Vertebral endplates

A

thin, cartilaginous caps of connective tissue that cover articular surface of vertebral bodies

fibrocartilage bind directly and strongly to collagen within annulus fibrosus

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23
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

80% of load carried by interbody joints in standing
end plates, deforms nucleus; helps to spread pressure evenly across joint

elastin will help to return the disc to normal

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24
Q

Pressures and Discs

A

discs pressures are large when load is in front of body
lifting with knees places less pressure on discs
slouched posture produces greater pressure

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25
Q

Osteokinematics of intervetebral joints

A

referenced cranial to caudal
plane joint
3 degrees of freedom (approximation, separation, sliding)

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26
Q

AO Joint

A

Ellipsoid
2 degrees of freedom, does not rotate
joint capsule surrounds both articualtions

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27
Q

AA Joint

A

has median and z-joint
pivot
2 degrees of freedom, no lateral flexion

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28
Q

Ligaments of AA joint

A

Transverse –> keeps it posterior
Tectorial–> part of PLL
Alar –> resists rotation
Ligamentum nuchae –> part of supraspinous

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29
Q

Intracervical Joints, C2-C7,

A

Allows movement in all 3 planes
articular facets sloped 45°
3 degrees of freedom

plane joint

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30
Q

AO joint movements, sagittal plane

A

Vex on Cave
Flexion = ant roll, post slide
Extension = post roll, ant slide

alar ligaments limit slides

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31
Q

Intracervical Joints, c2-c7 movements, sagittal

A

Extension: Inferior and posterior slide
Flexion: superior and anterior slide

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32
Q

Closed pack position of cervical spine

A

anatomic position to slight extension

33
Q

AO Joint movement, frontal plane

A

Convex on concave
Rolls: towards rotation
Slide: away from rotation

34
Q

Intracervical, c2-c7, joint movement, frontal

A

ipsilateral: post/inf slide
Contralateral: ant/sup slide

35
Q

What restricts AO rotation?

A

occipital condyles
alar ligaments

36
Q

Transverse plane movement, intracervical joints, c2-c7

A

ipsilateral: post & inf slide
Contralateral: ant, superior slide

rotation is greatest cranially

37
Q

What actions occur simultaneously from C2 to C7

A

Lateral flexion and axial rotation

38
Q

Why does lateral flexion and axial rotation occur simultaneously in cervical spine?

A

due to Z-joints

39
Q

Joints of thoracic region

A

z joints
costocorpeal
costotransverse

40
Q

The thoracic region is the most _______

A

mechanically stable area
due to the attachemnts of thoracic vertebra to rib cage, which also provides some passive resistance

41
Q

Costotransverse ligament

A

anchors neck of rib to transverse process of vertebra

42
Q

Superior costotransverse ligament

A

attaches inferior rib to superior transverse process

43
Q

Disc/body ratio in thoracic region

A

smallest disc ratio to the body
limits motion that is possible in the sagittal plane

44
Q

Limitations to sagittal plane thoracic

A

impingement between adjacent laminae or spinous processes

45
Q

Thoracic ext/flex

A

ext: inferior slide
flex: superior slide

46
Q

Transverse Plane, Thoracic

A

lateral slide away from direction of rotation

47
Q

Bodyweight creates an _______ force on sacrum

A

anterior shear force
increases with more lordosis

discs, capsules, ALL, iliolumbar resist this force

48
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Anterior or posterior slippage of a vertebral body on the vertebral body below

slippage usually occurs either between L4/L5 or L5/S1

Can be congenital, degenerative, traumatic, pathological, defect in pars interarticularis (most common)

49
Q

Lumbosacral Angles

A

Angle of curve
Articular Disc
L5

50
Q

Sagittal Plane Lumbar

A

Ext: inferior slide
Flex: superior slide

51
Q

Flexion of Lumbar

A

compressive forces shift even more from z joint to interbody joint
disc and PLL will help to support that force

z-joint load decreases with flexion, pressure increases due to decreased surface area

INCREASED intervertebral foramen diameter

52
Q

Extension of Lumbar

A

Compressive forces increase on Z-joints, contact area also increases

DECREASED intervertebral foramen diameter, increases nerve root pressure

53
Q

Lumbopelvic rhythm

A

kinematic relationship between lumbar spine and hip joints during sagittal plane movements

Lumbar moves BEFORE hip when in flexion. opposite for extension

54
Q

Sitting Posture

A

posterior pelvic tilt and flatteneed lumbar spine with slouched

eventually weakens posterior annulus pulposus, increases likelihood of disc herniation

associated with increased cervical extension, muscle shortening, cervical plane

55
Q

Frontal Plane Lumbar

A

Motion is favored

Ipsilateral = inf slide
Contralateral = sup slide

56
Q

Transverse Plane Lumbar

A

Z-joints completely limit rotation
Ipsilateral = joint separation
Contralateral = joint approx

57
Q

Fryette’s Laws

A
  1. Spine is in neutral, lateral flexion to one side will be accompanied by horizontal rotation to opposite side
  2. Spine is flexed or extended, lateral flexion will be accompanied by rotation to same side
  3. When motion is introduced in one plane, it will reduce motion in the other two planes
58
Q

Type of joint for SI

A

synovial joint

59
Q

SI Joint Ligaments

A

Anterior Sacroiliac
Iliolumbar
Interosseus Ligament
Short/Long posterior sacroiliac
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous

60
Q

Counternutation

A

posterior sacral-on-iliac motion
anterior ilium on sacrum motion

61
Q

Nutation

A

anterior sacral-on-iliac motion
posterior ilium-on-sacrum motion

62
Q

Stabilizing Effect of Gravity

A

Nutation increases compression forces between surfaces, increasing stability

gravity from bodyweight creates nutation torque

63
Q

Stability from Muscles/ligaments

A

muscles and ligaments increase stability
Dynamic activities –> muscles help to rotate the pelvis as needed

64
Q

Bilateral Contraction of Erector Spinae

A

extends trunk or neck
large extension torque, also does anterior pelvic tilt

65
Q

Unilateral Contraction of Erector Spinae

A

Illiocostalis = lateral flexion
Longissimus/Illiocostalis = axial rotation to same side

66
Q

Bilateral Contraction of Tranversospinals

A

spinal extensors, spinal stability

67
Q

Unilateral Contraction of Tranversospinals

A

Ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral axial rotation

68
Q

Short segmentals actions

A

interspinales = spinal extension
intertransversarii = lateral flexion
help with stability

69
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

helps with flexion, lateral flexion, axial rotation

70
Q

Transversus abdominis function

A

appears to function as a stabilizer

71
Q

Trunk flexors vs extensors

A

maximal effort trunk flexion torque is less than extension torque

72
Q

Illiopsoas

A

with muscular assistance from the abdominal muscles, a strong bilateral contraction of iliopsoas can provide strong trunk flexion torque

73
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

bilateral = flexion of extension
unilaer = lateral flexion, opposite rotation

74
Q

Scalenes

A

bilateral = elevation of ribs
unilateral = lateral flexion

75
Q

Longus colli and Capitis

A

act as dynamic ALL

76
Q

Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis

A

RCA: flexion at AO joint
RCL: lateral flexion at AO

77
Q

Splenius Cervicis and Capitis

A

Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation
Bilateral: extension

78
Q

Suboccipital muscles

A

provide control to AO and AA joints

79
Q

Thoracic movement, frontal plane

A

ipisilateral: inf slide
contralateral: sup slide

2 Biomechanics (9 decks)

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