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2 Biomechanics > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Why are spines reciprocally curved?

A

acts as a spring for shock absorption
increased flexibility
distributes weight
decreased force on vertebral discs
curves create offsetting and opposite torqus

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2
Q

Ligament anterior to vertebral body

A

stretched during extension
anterior longitudinal

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3
Q

Ligament posterior to vertebral body

A

stretched during flexion
posterior longitudinal

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4
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits spinal extension
limits excessive lordosis in the cervical and lumbar regions
reinforces intervertebral discs anteriorly

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5
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits spinal flexion
limits excessive kyphosis in the thoracic region
reinforces intervertebral discs posteriorly

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6
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

Yellow ligament, high concentration of elastin

modest but constant resistance through flexion; softens intervertebral compression near end-range flexion

elasticity exerts small but constant compression force between vertebra

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7
Q

Interspinous and supraspinous ligaments

A

limits spinal flexion

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8
Q

Intertransverse ligaments

A

limits spinal flexion and contralateral lateral flexion

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9
Q

Limiting passive structure axial rotation

A

intertransverse
annulus fibrosus
Z-joints

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10
Q

Lateral Flexion passive limiting structures

A

annulus fibrosus
Z-joints
intertransverse lig

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11
Q

Extension limiting structures passive

A

Z-joints
anterior annulus fibrosus
anterior longitudinal lig

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12
Q

Flexion limiting passive structures

A

interspinous/supraspinous
ligamentum flava
Z_joints
post annulus fibrosus
post longitudinal lig

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13
Q

Transverse/spinous processes

A

mechanical outriggers that increase leverage of muscles

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14
Q

Z-joints

A

apophyseal joints
primarily responsible for guiding intervertebral arthrokinematics

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15
Q

Interbody joint

A

intervertebral disc, vertebral bodies
absorb and distribute majority of load across the vertebral column
serve as approximate axes of rotation

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16
Q

Z-joint capsule

A

lax in neutral, taut in many directions

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17
Q

Intervertebral disc as spacers

A

greater space = greater sagittal and frontal plane ROM available
adequate passage for spinal nerve roots

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18
Q

Impairments of intervertebral disc

A

abnormal kinematics
postural issues
bone remodeling
neural tissue impingement

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19
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

15-25 concentric layers of collagen
abundant elastin interspersed throughout
switches direction each layer, helps to resist multiple directions

Vertical–distraction/compression
Horizontal–shear/torsion
Oblique–all directions

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20
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

70-80%
collagen, elastin, other proteins

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21
Q

Function of discs

A

absorb and distribute loads across vertebral column
assist in spinal stabilization

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22
Q

Vertebral endplates

A

thin, cartilaginous caps of connective tissue that cover articular surface of vertebral bodies

fibrocartilage bind directly and strongly to collagen within annulus fibrosus

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23
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

80% of load carried by interbody joints in standing
end plates, deforms nucleus; helps to spread pressure evenly across joint

elastin will help to return the disc to normal

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24
Q

Pressures and Discs

A

discs pressures are large when load is in front of body
lifting with knees places less pressure on discs
slouched posture produces greater pressure

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25
Osteokinematics of intervetebral joints
referenced cranial to caudal plane joint 3 degrees of freedom (approximation, separation, sliding)
26
AO Joint
Ellipsoid 2 degrees of freedom, does not rotate joint capsule surrounds both articualtions
27
AA Joint
has median and z-joint pivot 2 degrees of freedom, no lateral flexion
28
Ligaments of AA joint
Transverse --> keeps it posterior Tectorial--> part of PLL Alar --> resists rotation Ligamentum nuchae --> part of supraspinous
29
Intracervical Joints, C2-C7,
Allows movement in all 3 planes articular facets sloped 45° 3 degrees of freedom plane joint
30
AO joint movements, sagittal plane
Vex on Cave Flexion = ant roll, post slide Extension = post roll, ant slide alar ligaments limit slides
31
Intracervical Joints, c2-c7 movements, sagittal
Extension: Inferior and posterior slide Flexion: superior and anterior slide
32
Closed pack position of cervical spine
anatomic position to slight extension
33
AO Joint movement, frontal plane
Convex on concave Rolls: towards rotation Slide: away from rotation
34
Intracervical, c2-c7, joint movement, frontal
ipsilateral: post/inf slide Contralateral: ant/sup slide
35
What restricts AO rotation?
occipital condyles alar ligaments
36
Transverse plane movement, intracervical joints, c2-c7
ipsilateral: post & inf slide Contralateral: ant, superior slide rotation is greatest cranially
37
What actions occur simultaneously from C2 to C7
Lateral flexion and axial rotation
38
Why does lateral flexion and axial rotation occur simultaneously in cervical spine?
due to Z-joints
39
Joints of thoracic region
z joints costocorpeal costotransverse
40
The thoracic region is the most _______
mechanically stable area due to the attachemnts of thoracic vertebra to rib cage, which also provides some passive resistance
41
Costotransverse ligament
anchors neck of rib to transverse process of vertebra
42
Superior costotransverse ligament
attaches inferior rib to superior transverse process
43
Disc/body ratio in thoracic region
smallest disc ratio to the body limits motion that is possible in the sagittal plane
44
Limitations to sagittal plane thoracic
impingement between adjacent laminae or spinous processes
45
Thoracic ext/flex
ext: inferior slide flex: superior slide
46
Transverse Plane, Thoracic
lateral slide away from direction of rotation
47
Bodyweight creates an _______ force on sacrum
anterior shear force increases with more lordosis discs, capsules, ALL, iliolumbar resist this force
48
Spondylolisthesis
Anterior or posterior slippage of a vertebral body on the vertebral body below slippage usually occurs either between L4/L5 or L5/S1 Can be congenital, degenerative, traumatic, pathological, defect in pars interarticularis (most common)
49
Lumbosacral Angles
Angle of curve Articular Disc L5
50
Sagittal Plane Lumbar
Ext: inferior slide Flex: superior slide
51
Flexion of Lumbar
compressive forces shift even more from z joint to interbody joint disc and PLL will help to support that force z-joint load decreases with flexion, pressure increases due to decreased surface area INCREASED intervertebral foramen diameter
52
Extension of Lumbar
Compressive forces increase on Z-joints, contact area also increases DECREASED intervertebral foramen diameter, increases nerve root pressure
53
Lumbopelvic rhythm
kinematic relationship between lumbar spine and hip joints during sagittal plane movements Lumbar moves BEFORE hip when in flexion. opposite for extension
54
Sitting Posture
posterior pelvic tilt and flatteneed lumbar spine with slouched eventually weakens posterior annulus pulposus, increases likelihood of disc herniation associated with increased cervical extension, muscle shortening, cervical plane
55
Frontal Plane Lumbar
Motion is favored Ipsilateral = inf slide Contralateral = sup slide
56
Transverse Plane Lumbar
Z-joints completely limit rotation Ipsilateral = joint separation Contralateral = joint approx
57
Fryette's Laws
1. Spine is in neutral, lateral flexion to one side will be accompanied by horizontal rotation to opposite side 2. Spine is flexed or extended, lateral flexion will be accompanied by rotation to same side 3. When motion is introduced in one plane, it will reduce motion in the other two planes
58
Type of joint for SI
synovial joint
59
SI Joint Ligaments
Anterior Sacroiliac Iliolumbar Interosseus Ligament Short/Long posterior sacroiliac Sacrotuberous Sacrospinous
60
Counternutation
posterior sacral-on-iliac motion anterior ilium on sacrum motion
61
Nutation
anterior sacral-on-iliac motion posterior ilium-on-sacrum motion
62
Stabilizing Effect of Gravity
Nutation increases compression forces between surfaces, increasing stability gravity from bodyweight creates nutation torque
63
Stability from Muscles/ligaments
muscles and ligaments increase stability Dynamic activities --> muscles help to rotate the pelvis as needed
64
Bilateral Contraction of Erector Spinae
extends trunk or neck large extension torque, also does anterior pelvic tilt
65
Unilateral Contraction of Erector Spinae
Illiocostalis = lateral flexion Longissimus/Illiocostalis = axial rotation to same side
66
Bilateral Contraction of Tranversospinals
spinal extensors, spinal stability
67
Unilateral Contraction of Tranversospinals
Ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral axial rotation
68
Short segmentals actions
interspinales = spinal extension intertransversarii = lateral flexion help with stability
69
Abdominal muscles
helps with flexion, lateral flexion, axial rotation
70
Transversus abdominis function
appears to function as a stabilizer
71
Trunk flexors vs extensors
maximal effort trunk flexion torque is less than extension torque
72
Illiopsoas
with muscular assistance from the abdominal muscles, a strong bilateral contraction of iliopsoas can provide strong trunk flexion torque
73
Sternocleidomastoid
bilateral = flexion of extension unilaer = lateral flexion, opposite rotation
74
Scalenes
bilateral = elevation of ribs unilateral = lateral flexion
75
Longus colli and Capitis
act as dynamic ALL
76
Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis
RCA: flexion at AO joint RCL: lateral flexion at AO
77
Splenius Cervicis and Capitis
Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation Bilateral: extension
78
Suboccipital muscles
provide control to AO and AA joints
79
Thoracic movement, frontal plane
ipisilateral: inf slide contralateral: sup slide

2 Biomechanics (9 decks)

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