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2 Biomechanics > Ankles/Feet > Flashcards

Ankles/Feet Flashcards

1
Q

Tibial torsion

A

foot naturally wants to be externally rotated during standing

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2
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular joint

A

head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
surrounded by a joint capsule
independent of the knee

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3
Q

Distal Tibiofibular

A

medial surface of distal fibula and fibular notch of tibia
synarthrodial joint, little movement

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4
Q

Tibiofibular joint stability

A

crucial for muscle force transmission across a joint

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5
Q

Talus

A

has 3 articulations
concave/convex depending on the articulation and orientation

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6
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

majority of body weight passes through tiba and tibiofibular articulation

minority of body weight passes through fibula & fibiotalar articulation

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7
Q

Anterior talofibular ligament resists

A

Inversion, adduction, plantarflexion, anterior slide of talus

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8
Q

Calcaneofibular ligament resists

A

inversion, dorsiflexion

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9
Q

Posterior Talofibular ligament resists

A

abduction, inversion, dorsiflexion, posterior slide of talus

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10
Q

Lateral ligaments

A

post talofibular
calcaneofibular
anterior talofibular

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11
Q

Tibiotalar ligament resists

A

eversion, dorsiflexion, anterior and posterior slide of talus

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12
Q

Tibionavicular ligament resists

A

eversion, abduction, anterior slide of talus

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13
Q

Tibiocalcaneal ligament resists

A

eversion

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14
Q

Medial ligaments of ankle

A

tibiotalar
tibionavicular
tibiocalcaneal

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15
Q

Talocrural capsule

A

thicker laterally, ligaments help to reinforce the weaker side of the capsule

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16
Q

Sagittal plane

A

dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
axis: m/L

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

inversion, eversion
axis: a/p

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18
Q

Transverse plane

A

ab/add, IR/ER
axis: vertical

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19
Q

Talocrural degrees of freedom

A

1
type of joint is hinge

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20
Q

Axis of rotation for talocrural joint

A

inclined superiorly and anteriorly
causes the joint to move in “pronation/supination”
malleouli are not the same height, causing axis to be different

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21
Q

Talus on leg

A

Convex on concave

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22
Q

Closed pack position of ankle (talocrural)

A

full dorsiflexion

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23
Q

Subtalar joint makeup

A

have 2 separate capsules, post/ant. Post is larger.

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24
Q

Post subtalar joint

A

70% of total articular surface
concave talus on convex calcaneus

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25
Q

Anterior subtalar joint

A

convex talus, concave calcaneus

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26
Q

Ligaments of subtalar

A

have to cross the ankle joint
calcenofibular
tibiocalcaneal
talocalcaneal

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27
Q

Calcaneofibular ligament ankle

A

limits inversion

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28
Q

Tibiocalcaneal (deltoid) ligament ankle

A

limits eversion

29
Q

Talocalcaneal ligament + cervical ankle

A

limits all motions, specifically inversion

30
Q

Subtalar osteokinematics

A

plane joint
1 degree of freedom, but technically motion in all planes
inclined superiorly and medially

31
Q

Pronation motions

A

eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

32
Q

Supination motions

A

inversion, adduction, plantarflexion

33
Q

Open chain subtalar

A

Convex/concave varies on articulation
POST = vex on cave
ANT = cave on vex

functionally a plane joint
no fixed axis of rotation

34
Q

Curvilinear joint

A

no fixed axis of rotation
subtalar moves in an arc that is perpendicular to oblique axis of rotation, forms a curve that is an equidistance from the axis

35
Q

Closed chain subtalar

A

vex on cave rule is not applicable
calcaneus is not fixed to the ground
can still move about A/P axis whereas M/L is fixed

36
Q

Weightbearing subtalar pronation

A

calcaneus on talus (and opposite) = eversion
talus on calcaneus = abduction/dorsiflexion

37
Q

Weightbearing subtalar supination

A

calcaneus on talus (and opposite) = inversion
talus on calcaneus = adduction/plantarflexion

38
Q

Transverse Tarsal joint

A

midtarsal, chopart’s joint
has two articulations: talonavicular and calcaneocuboid
helps to control pronation and supination
resembles a ball and socket joint
shares a capsule with anterior subtalar

39
Q

Spring ligament

A

crucial for medial longitudinal arch stability

40
Q

Calcaneocuboid joint

A

allows less motion, has lateral stability
each bone has convex/concave aspects
separate joint capsule

41
Q

Osteokinematics of transverse tarsal

A

rarely moves without motion at other joints
needs subtalar to do pronation/supination
compound joint –> ball/socket, saddle
complicated degrees of freedom

42
Q

Axes of Rotation transverse tarsal

A

Longitudinal and Oblique

Long = inclined superiorly and medially
Oblique = superior and medial (more than long)

43
Q

Open chain transverse tarsal

A

Supination = nav/cuboid on calcenus/talus. Pivots at talonavicular, tib posterior helps most

pronation = nav cuboid on calc/talus. Pivots at talonavicular. fibularis longus

44
Q

Closed chain transverse tarsal

A

Talus/calc on navicular/cuboid
subtalar pronation causes transverse tarsal supination (JRF is on TT)

subtalar supination, transverse tarsal pronates (JRF decreases on TT)

45
Q

Distal intertarsal joints

A

assist TT in pronating/supination
form transverse arch
depresses during weight bearing

keystone = intermediate cuneiform

46
Q

Tarsometatarsal joints

A

Lisfranc
mobility is greatest at 1st, 4th, 5th
only 1st joint has a capsule, important for medial arch stability

47
Q

Metatarsophalangeal joints

A

convex metatarsal and concave phalanx
2 degrees of freedom

48
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

help to increase moment arm of FHB

49
Q

Interphalangeal joints

A

convex proximal
concave distal
hinge joints
greater mobility proximally vs distal

50
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A

primary load and shock bearing structure
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cueniforms, medial metatarsals
spring like shape
unclear role in standing

51
Q

Passive support of medial long arch

A

talonavicular is the keystone, bodyweight force passes here
plantar fascia provides primary support
during standing, talus depressed, lowers the arch. Lowered arch = calcaneus everts

52
Q

Pes planus

A

abnormally low arch
weak or torn tib posterior, plantar fascia, spring ligament
results in rearfoot eversion, depression of talus and navicular
compromised load distribution and increased need for muscular support

53
Q

Rigid pes planus

A

arch depressed non-weight bearing, often congenital

54
Q

Flexible pes planus

A

arch is normal during non-weightbearing, flattens with weight

55
Q

Windlass Effect

A

lengthening/tightening the plantar flexion (heel raise or great toe dorsiflexion) increases medial long arch height

56
Q

Dorsiflexion of ankle

A

tib anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis

57
Q

Plantarflexion of ankle

A

gastrocneumius, soleus

58
Q

Inversion of ankle

A

tibialis posterior, tib anterior

59
Q

Eversion of ankle

A

peroneus longus and brevis

60
Q

What ligament is most often injured during lateral ankle sprain?

A

ATF
inversion w/plantarflexion. ATF resists both of these motions

61
Q

Talar Tilt

A

testing for CF

62
Q

Anterior Drawer Test

A

testing for ATF

63
Q

What structures are typically injured during a high ankle sprain?

A

anterior tibiofibular
posterior tibiofibular
interosseous membrane

syndesmotic ankle sprain
forceful external rotation–talus ER, forces mortise apart

64
Q

Syndesmosis squeeze test

A

testing for high ankle sprain

65
Q

Anterior translation of the talus within the ankle mortise primarily stresses which lateral ligament?

A

anterior talofibular

66
Q

Which medial ligament can only resist eversion, without little assistance for other rotary or translatory movements?

A

tibiocalcaneal

67
Q

As the subtalar joint pronates during running, the transverse tarsal joint ____

A

supinates, as the ground reaction force pushes the transverse tarsal joint into the opposite motion, primarily rotating about the talonavicular joint

68
Q

Why does a toe strike produce larger EMG vs rearfoot strike?

A

When in toe strike position, the GRF is opposite to the force that the gastrocnemius needs to produce. The gastrocnemius has to overcome the GRF in order to produce more torque on the ankle, and get the ankle in motion. In contrast, the GRF for heel strike is in line (or does not oppose) the force that the gastrocnemius has to produce. The gastrocnemius has to produce less force because it is not fighting to overcome the GRF to get the foot to move.

2 Biomechanics (9 decks)

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