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2 Biomechanics > Ankles/Feet > Flashcards

Ankles/Feet Flashcards

1
Q

Tibial torsion

A

foot naturally wants to be externally rotated during standing

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2
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular joint

A

head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
surrounded by a joint capsule
independent of the knee

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3
Q

Distal Tibiofibular

A

medial surface of distal fibula and fibular notch of tibia
synarthrodial joint, little movement

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4
Q

Tibiofibular joint stability

A

crucial for muscle force transmission across a joint

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5
Q

Talus

A

has 3 articulations
concave/convex depending on the articulation and orientation

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6
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

majority of body weight passes through tiba and tibiofibular articulation

minority of body weight passes through fibula & fibiotalar articulation

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7
Q

Anterior talofibular ligament resists

A

Inversion, adduction, plantarflexion, anterior slide of talus

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8
Q

Calcaneofibular ligament resists

A

inversion, dorsiflexion

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9
Q

Posterior Talofibular ligament resists

A

abduction, inversion, dorsiflexion, posterior slide of talus

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10
Q

Lateral ligaments

A

post talofibular
calcaneofibular
anterior talofibular

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11
Q

Tibiotalar ligament resists

A

eversion, dorsiflexion, anterior and posterior slide of talus

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12
Q

Tibionavicular ligament resists

A

eversion, abduction, anterior slide of talus

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13
Q

Tibiocalcaneal ligament resists

A

eversion

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14
Q

Medial ligaments of ankle

A

tibiotalar
tibionavicular
tibiocalcaneal

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15
Q

Talocrural capsule

A

thicker laterally, ligaments help to reinforce the weaker side of the capsule

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16
Q

Sagittal plane

A

dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
axis: m/L

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17
Q

Frontal plane

A

inversion, eversion
axis: a/p

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18
Q

Transverse plane

A

ab/add, IR/ER
axis: vertical

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19
Q

Talocrural degrees of freedom

A

1
type of joint is hinge

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20
Q

Axis of rotation for talocrural joint

A

inclined superiorly and anteriorly
causes the joint to move in “pronation/supination”
malleouli are not the same height, causing axis to be different

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21
Q

Talus on leg

A

Convex on concave

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22
Q

Closed pack position of ankle (talocrural)

A

full dorsiflexion

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23
Q

Subtalar joint makeup

A

have 2 separate capsules, post/ant. Post is larger.

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24
Q

Post subtalar joint

A

70% of total articular surface
concave talus on convex calcaneus

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25
Anterior subtalar joint
convex talus, concave calcaneus
26
Ligaments of subtalar
have to cross the ankle joint calcenofibular tibiocalcaneal talocalcaneal
27
Calcaneofibular ligament ankle
limits inversion
28
Tibiocalcaneal (deltoid) ligament ankle
limits eversion
29
Talocalcaneal ligament + cervical ankle
limits all motions, specifically inversion
30
Subtalar osteokinematics
plane joint 1 degree of freedom, but technically motion in all planes inclined superiorly and medially
31
Pronation motions
eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion
32
Supination motions
inversion, adduction, plantarflexion
33
Open chain subtalar
Convex/concave varies on articulation POST = vex on cave ANT = cave on vex functionally a plane joint no fixed axis of rotation
34
Curvilinear joint
no fixed axis of rotation subtalar moves in an arc that is perpendicular to oblique axis of rotation, forms a curve that is an equidistance from the axis
35
Closed chain subtalar
vex on cave rule is not applicable calcaneus is not fixed to the ground can still move about A/P axis whereas M/L is fixed
36
Weightbearing subtalar pronation
calcaneus on talus (and opposite) = eversion talus on calcaneus = abduction/dorsiflexion
37
Weightbearing subtalar supination
calcaneus on talus (and opposite) = inversion talus on calcaneus = adduction/plantarflexion
38
Transverse Tarsal joint
midtarsal, chopart's joint has two articulations: talonavicular and calcaneocuboid helps to control pronation and supination resembles a ball and socket joint shares a capsule with anterior subtalar
39
Spring ligament
crucial for medial longitudinal arch stability
40
Calcaneocuboid joint
allows less motion, has lateral stability each bone has convex/concave aspects separate joint capsule
41
Osteokinematics of transverse tarsal
rarely moves without motion at other joints needs subtalar to do pronation/supination compound joint --> ball/socket, saddle complicated degrees of freedom
42
Axes of Rotation transverse tarsal
Longitudinal and Oblique Long = inclined superiorly and medially Oblique = superior and medial (more than long)
43
Open chain transverse tarsal
Supination = nav/cuboid on calcenus/talus. Pivots at talonavicular, tib posterior helps most pronation = nav cuboid on calc/talus. Pivots at talonavicular. fibularis longus
44
Closed chain transverse tarsal
Talus/calc on navicular/cuboid subtalar pronation causes transverse tarsal supination (JRF is on TT) subtalar supination, transverse tarsal pronates (JRF decreases on TT)
45
Distal intertarsal joints
assist TT in pronating/supination form transverse arch depresses during weight bearing keystone = intermediate cuneiform
46
Tarsometatarsal joints
Lisfranc mobility is greatest at 1st, 4th, 5th only 1st joint has a capsule, important for medial arch stability
47
Metatarsophalangeal joints
convex metatarsal and concave phalanx 2 degrees of freedom
48
Sesamoid bones
help to increase moment arm of FHB
49
Interphalangeal joints
convex proximal concave distal hinge joints greater mobility proximally vs distal
50
Medial longitudinal arch
primary load and shock bearing structure calcaneus, talus, navicular, cueniforms, medial metatarsals spring like shape unclear role in standing
51
Passive support of medial long arch
talonavicular is the keystone, bodyweight force passes here plantar fascia provides primary support during standing, talus depressed, lowers the arch. Lowered arch = calcaneus everts
52
Pes planus
abnormally low arch weak or torn tib posterior, plantar fascia, spring ligament results in rearfoot eversion, depression of talus and navicular compromised load distribution and increased need for muscular support
53
Rigid pes planus
arch depressed non-weight bearing, often congenital
54
Flexible pes planus
arch is normal during non-weightbearing, flattens with weight
55
Windlass Effect
lengthening/tightening the plantar flexion (heel raise or great toe dorsiflexion) increases medial long arch height
56
Dorsiflexion of ankle
tib anterior, extensor digitorum, extensor hallucis
57
Plantarflexion of ankle
gastrocneumius, soleus
58
Inversion of ankle
tibialis posterior, tib anterior
59
Eversion of ankle
peroneus longus and brevis
60
What ligament is most often injured during lateral ankle sprain?
ATF inversion w/plantarflexion. ATF resists both of these motions
61
Talar Tilt
testing for CF
62
Anterior Drawer Test
testing for ATF
63
What structures are typically injured during a high ankle sprain?
anterior tibiofibular posterior tibiofibular interosseous membrane syndesmotic ankle sprain forceful external rotation--talus ER, forces mortise apart
64
Syndesmosis squeeze test
testing for high ankle sprain
65
Anterior translation of the talus within the ankle mortise primarily stresses which lateral ligament?
anterior talofibular
66
Which medial ligament can only resist eversion, without little assistance for other rotary or translatory movements?
tibiocalcaneal
67
As the subtalar joint pronates during running, the transverse tarsal joint ____
supinates, as the ground reaction force pushes the transverse tarsal joint into the opposite motion, primarily rotating about the talonavicular joint
68
Why does a toe strike produce larger EMG vs rearfoot strike?
When in toe strike position, the GRF is opposite to the force that the gastrocnemius needs to produce. The gastrocnemius has to overcome the GRF in order to produce more torque on the ankle, and get the ankle in motion. In contrast, the GRF for heel strike is in line (or does not oppose) the force that the gastrocnemius has to produce. The gastrocnemius has to produce less force because it is not fighting to overcome the GRF to get the foot to move.

2 Biomechanics (9 decks)

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