Basic Terms Flashcards
1
Q
plan where elements are the same and are in equilibrium about a central point or opposite sides of an axial line.
A
SYMMETRICAL PLAN
2
Q
plan with occult balance, closest to nature
A
ASYMMETRICAL PLAN
3
Q
a scene observed from a given vantage point
A
VIEW
4
Q
a framed segment of a view
A
VISTA
5
Q
the natural surface of the earth and basis for all construction
A
BASE PLANE
6
Q
a plane above that serve as shield or filter of light, able to cash shadows
A
OVERHEAD PLANE
7
Q
contains and articulates used areas and outdoor spaces
A
VERTICALS
8
Q
endpoint or apex of an axis or other landscape feature
A
TERMINUS
9
Q
the streets, sidewalk, trails, and other channels in wc people travel (by Kevin Lynch)
A
PATH
10
Q
readily identifiable objects wc serve as external reference points (by Kevin Lynch)
A
LANDMARK
11
Q
perceived boundaries such as walls, buildings, and shorelines (by Kevin Lynch)
A
EDGE
12
Q
focal points, intersections or loci (by Kevin Lynch)
A
NODE
13
Q
relatively large sections of the city distinguished by some identity or character (by Kevin Lynch)
A
DISTRICT
14
Q
In the open air; out of doors; Italian for “in the fresh air”
A
ALFRESCO
15
Q
A place shaded by trees or shrubs; an open structure, usually consisting of a horizontal framework or a latticework supported by columns on which vines or other plants are trained
A
ARBOR
16
Q
A tree or shrub of the Mimosaceous genus, native to warm geographical regions; a favorite vegetative form in much artwork in the Middle East; Gum Arabic
A
ACACIA
17
Q
A real or imaginary straight line on which an object rotates or is perceived to balance; a centerline along which the parts of an object are symmetrically balanced
A
AXIS
18
Q
The place of several elements along a single centerline or at cross axes to the main axis
A
AXIAL PLANNING
19
Q
Sculpture or carving of shallow depth, usually on a flat or curved surface of the stone; figures project minimally from the monolithic background stone
A
BAS-RELIEF
20
Q
Italian word for Bas-relief meaning low relief
A
BASSO RILIEVO
21
Q
Two-sided or arranged on opposite sides of an axis; symmetrical
A
BILATERAL SYMMETRY
22
Q
a major site with many stones such as Stonehenge.
From the Paleolithic Era; a large horizontal slab-like stone that spans several upright stones as a prehistoric monument or tomb
A
CROMLECH
23
Q
one single slab of stone stuck in the ground. This is the one that resembles the “acupuncture of the earth.”
A
MENHIR
24
Q
a stone structure that uses two or more stones to hold up a flat stone “roof.” These can oftentimes be “portals” and are more ritual in nature. Possibly graves, possibly sites of significant importance.
Large upright stones capped with a covering slab; erected in prehistoric times as a monument or tomb
A
DOLMEN
25
A low plain along a streambed or channel that is subject to flooding; soil is composed of sediments deposited by the stream
FLOODPLAIN
26
Ancient Times. an upright plane sided tapering pillar often monolithic and ending in a pyramidal point
OBELISK
27
Ancient Times. Right-angled. Having to do with right angles, rectangular, linear, or axial
ORTHOGONAL
28
A deposit of rock, gravel, and sand particles that have been transported and laid down by a flowing body of water
ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT
29
A green, sometimes moist and cool, fertile place in a desert area
OASIS
30
A garden structure consisting of a trellis supported by posts or columns and upon which vines or other plants are trained. Shade walkways
PERGOLA
31
A doorway, gate, or entrance, especially a large and imposing one
PORTAL; PYLON
32
The Latin word that means "the paintings that adorned the walls of porticos"
TOPIA
33
Evergreen plants carved into geometrical or sculptural forms
TOPIARY
34
The physical features, both natural and human-made, on the earth's surface; relief, drainage, surface materials, vegetation, special physical phenomena, and human-made (cultural) features
TOPOGRAPHY
35
A pyramidal staged tower, of which the angles were oriented to the cardinal points
a type of massive structure built in ancient Mesopotamia. It has the form of a terraced compound of successively receding stories or levels.
an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now mainly in Iraq) from approximately 2200 until 500 BCE.
ZIGGURAT
36
A coniferous tree with evergreen needle-like leaves, cones, and a characteristic fragrance; regarded as sacred in much of the ancient Near East (Scientific Name and Common Name)
CEDRUS LIBANI (CEDAR OF LEBANON)
37
The hardier coniferous tree with evergreen needle-like leaves, cones, and characteristic fragrance; more widely found in America
CEDRUS LIBANI STERROCOMA
38
A place of delight; a terrestrial paradise; a region in the bible described as the place where God created a garden for Adam and Eve. Name comes from the Sumerian 'plain'. Between Tigris and Euphrates.
EDEN
39
A raised place or small hill, usually human-made, designed to give a view of the estate
MOUNT
40
An ancient structural system comprised of vertical supports, spanned by horizontal beams
POST AND LINTEL
41
Any place of great beauty and perfection; a place or condition of great happiness; heaven
PARADISE
42
A geometric figure having four side and four angles
QUADRILATERAL
43
A composition that consists of two axes intersecting at right angles and resulting in all four subdivisions or quadrants being equal; biaxial
QUADRILATERAL SYMMETRY
44
The region where the stages of the ziggurats were developed into continuous inclined ramp circulating the four sides
ASSYRIAN REGION
45
The device for raising water; used for the irrigation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; also used by the ancient Egyptians for pumping water from the Nile into their vast system of irrigation canals; invented by the Mesopotamian civilizations
SPIRAL PUMP
46
Persian word for garden, especially one that is quadripartite or subdivided into four quadrants by water channels crossing at its center; where the capital city of Iraq gotten its name, hence "Garden City"
BAGH
47
used to describe the carved marble water chutes in the Moghul gardens of India and Pakistan where water is made to flow from a pool over a rippled incline to appear to sparkle as it descends to a lower pool
CHADAR
48
Persian word for underground water canals that were constructed through the desert to bring water from a remote source to irrigate cultivated lands
QANAT
49
The Persian word meaning "fence" or "enclosure;" in Arabic, it means "walled around"
PAIRIDAEZA (PARADISE)
50
A garden created to symbolize the qualities of heaven
PARADISE GARDEN
51
A fortress or fortified place such as a town with a commanding height for military advantages
CITADEL
52
Classical Greek. a small garden centered on a statue of Adonis (the god of beauty and desire) whose death each fall and rebirth in spring was celebrated. Flowered pots.
ADONIS GARDEN
53
Classical Greek. religious and symbolic center of the community, highest portion of a greek city which a temple to a principal deity was located
ACROPOLIS
54
Classical Greek. places of worship and meditation that became the setting for the academy.
SACRED GROVE
55
Classical Greek. Classical Roman houses an open central court. Lasted to this present day as a principal feature of Mediterranean Architecture.
ATRIUM
56
Classical Greek. large oblong hall or church
BASILICA
57
Classical Greek. area for the governing body
BOULEUTERION
58
Classical Greek. a. sculpted lyrical woman's figure used as part of an upright architectural member
CARYATID
59
Classical Greek. in an urban Greek or Roman courtyard house, an outside sitting room connected to the court often shaded for summer use
EXEDRA
60
Classical Greek. pertaining to Greek, its people, language
HELLENIC
61
Classical Greek. an urban planning a method of layout that uses two large cross-axial roads to divide a city into four parts that are further subdivided into blocks. After Hippodamus of Miletus a greek planner. GRID PLAN
HIPPODAMIAN
62
Classical Greek. A grotto in classical Greece sacred to nymphs. In Rome, a water garden with a nearby pavilion.
NYMPHAEUM
63
Classical Greek. a walkway or arcade with a column-supported roof or overhang, often located in or next to a garden
PORTICO
64
The Roman World. a round or oval arena with tiered seating usually recessed into a hillside. first devised by the Greeks as a setting for drama.
AMPHITHEATER
65
The Roman World. A pastoral lifestyle is that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture. Especially dealing with a sense of rural tranquility or peace
BUCOLIC
66
The Roman World. Medieval Architecture with no particular originality noted for aristocratic baths pleasure and monumental statuary.
gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate Hellenistic mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built elements such as fountains and small shrines.
BYZANTINE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
67
The Roman World. Roman legion camp square and gridiron in form. Influential in town layout and planning in late classical times and thereafter
In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word castrum was a building, or plot of land, used as a fortified military camp. In English, the terms 'Roman fort', 'Roman camp', and 'Roman fortress'
CASTRUM
68
The Roman World. cross-shaped
CRUCIFORM
69
The Roman World. a wall painting executed on wet plaster, frequently found in Roman and Italian renaissance villas.
is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.
FRESCO
70
a collection basin in the floor of an atrium; an ancient Roman device; it is fed by a roof opening or compluvium
IMPLUVIUM
71
a continuous aisle in a circular building; in a church, the ambulatory serves as a semicircular aisle that encloses the apse
AMBULATORY
72
semicircular area; it's at one end of the building and contains the main altar
APSE
73
refers to a series of arches supported by columns or piers; a passageway formed by arches
ARCADE
74
a curved structure used to support the weight of the material above it; a stone at the top of the arch is called KEYSTONE; it holds the other parts in place
ARCH
75
support built against an outside wall of a building; a flying buttress is an arched support that extends from a column or pier to a wall
BUTTRESS
76
(in an order) it forms the upper part of a column, separates the shaft from the entablature
CAPITAL
77
in classical architecture, it consisted of a column and entablature; served as basic elements of Greek and Roman Architecture
ORDER
78
Classical Greek. a row of columns, each set an equal distance apart
COLONNADE
79
Classical Greek. vertical support in an order; consists of a shaft and capital, often rests on a base
COLUMN
80
Classical Greek. a design of column; the first and simplest of the three Greek orders; normally has no base
DORIC ORDER
81
Classical Greek. a design of column; the second of three Greek orders; has a capital decorated with curved spiral scrolls called VOLUTES
IONIC ORDER
82
Classical Greek. a design of column; last of three Greek orders; resembling ionic order but has an elaborate capital that is decorated with carvings of leaves of the acanthus plant
CORINTHIAN ORDER
83
The Roman World. resembling the Corinthian order but has a capital that combines the corinthian acanthus leaf decoration with volutes from the ionic order
COMPOSITE ORDER
84
The Roman World. resembling the Doric order but the shaft has no fluting
TUSCAN ORDER
85
refers to the upper horizontal part of an Order between a capital and the roof; consists of three major parts (architrave, frieze, and cornice)
ENTABLATURE
86
makes up the lowest part of an entablature; it rests on the capital of a column
ARCHITRAVE
87
forms the middle part of an entablature and is often decorated with a horizontal band of relief sculpture
FRIEZE
88
forms the upper part of an entablature and extends beyond the frieze
CORNICE
89
the chief area within a church extending from the main entrance. to the transept
NAVE
90
forms the arms in a T or cross-shaped church
TRANSEPT
91
triangular segment between the horizontal entablature and the sloping roof at the front of a classical style building
PEDIMENT
92
curved support shaped like an inverted triangle holding up the dome
PENDENTIVE
93
Medieval. a bell tower especially one near but not attached to a church
CAMPANILE
94
Medieval. a carved animal figure placed on a post as a curiosity
BEESTE
95
Medieval. a small column
COLONNETTE
96
Medieval. an enclosed area next to a building serving a garden yard or pasture
GARTH
97
Medieval. characterized by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms and frequently has very regular and symmetrical plans.
pertaining or designating a transitional style of European Architecture prevalent from the 9th to the 12th century
ROMANESQUE
98
Moorish Spain. glazed, bright multi-colored fired tile
AZULEJO
99
Moorish Spain. an architectural painting or sculptural flourish or surface design pattern of geometric flourishes. From Mediterranean Moorish and Persian architectural design.
ARABESQUE
100
Moorish Spain. Arabesque tracery, delicate and intricate ornamental work made from gold, silver, or other fine twisted wire
FILIGREE
101
Moorish Spain. a window or balcony with a view, the most famous of which is found in the upper garden of Generalife with a sweeping vista of the city and the Sierra Nevada
MIRADOR
102
Moorish Spain a tiny ruin generated by rainfall - water feature?
RILL
103
Italian Renaissance. an extravagant sprawling overly decorative style of art and design
BAROQUE
104
Italian Renaissance. countryside prairie or series of open fields
ROMAN CAMPAGNA
105
Italian Renaissance. central courtyard in a building flanked by arcades
CORTILE
106
Italian Renaissance. ornament or elegant cap at the top of a fence slat or post
FINIAL
107
Italian Renaissance. formally laid out planter often a box at ground level but sometimes raised by means of masonry or wood borders
PARTERRE
108
French Grand style. a railing in landscape architecture often found along a walk or around a pool or other garden feature
railing supported by balusters, especially an ornamental parapet on a balcony, bridge, or terrace.
BALUSTRADE
109
French Grand Style. a cluster or clump of trees or shrubs
a formal plantation of trees, at least five of identical species planted as a quincunx, or set in strict regularity as to rank and file, so that the trunks line up as one passes along either face.
BOSQUET
110
European interpretations of Chinese or Japanese form popular from 17th to 19th centuries.
CHINOISERIE
111
Dutch Baroque garden feature; an iron grille implanted in a wall at the end of an allee of trees;
features wrought iron openwork
CLAIRE-VOIE
112
French Grand Style. a small rustic hamlet of farmhouses out buildings and a mill similar structure built as part of landscaped estate
French word for hamlet (place), a small settlement.
HAMAEAU
113
English Gardens. bucolic idealistically rural or rustic
ARCADIAN
114
English Gardens. an exterior wall used to protect a castle
BAILEY
115
English Gardens. all or part of an adjacent landscape; the features of which figure in the composition of the landscape or garden at hand
BORROWED SCENERY (shakkei)
116
English Gardens. a plot of lawn or turf
GREENSWARD
117
A high section of wall that contains windows where light and air passes (higher window, more daylight)
CLERESTORY
118
Ciudadela
sunken plaza, located in the now San Juan River
119
Oculus
opening center of the dome
120
Temenos
sacred precinct of Apollo; Greek word for delimited sacred precinct
121
Tholos
circular temple in Athena’s sanctuary; Greek for circular temple
122
Omphalos
navel of the Earth
123
Ghats
steps
124
Canopus
long rectangular canal bordered by caryatids on one side;
| southern end apsed by nymphaeum (S) and a semicircular colonnade (N)
125
Stoa poekile
painted stoa
126
Axis mundi
symbolic line that extends from sky to the underworld (earth as its center)
127
Equinox
the day the sun crosses the equator – equal length of days and nights (Spring: March 20, Autumn: September 23)
128
Genius loci
unique spiritual force inherent in a particular place
129
Otium
Roman concept of leisure afforded by a natural setting;
| exemplified by country villa
130
Polis
ancient Greek city-state
131
Solstice
further point the sun reaches the sky (Summer: June 21, Winter:
December 21)
132
Topos
Aristotle’s philosophy of place defined by specific natural
| features
133
Geoglyphs
images inscribed on the earth
134
Kiva
sunken ceremonial room used in Puebloan cultures
135
Locus amoenus
a literary topos involving an idealized place of safety or comfort.
latin for "pleasant place"
136
Hortus conclusus
Latin term, meaning literally "enclosed garden"
137
Pleasance
a secluded enclosure or part of a garden, especially one attached to a large house.
138
Herbarium
plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study.
- Utilitarian part of pleasance garden
139
Viridarium
pleasure garden
| -ornamental part of pleasance garden
140
Flowery Mead
grass
141
Cloister
similar to peristyle (colonnaded), with central basin/fountain
