Basic structure Flashcards by Emily Southall

describe the path of the air

in through nasal cavity 
to pharynx
(air and food same way) 
to larynx 
to trachea 
bifurcates at T4 
primary bronchi 
lungs

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features of the nasal cavity

nasal septum
nasal cavity is cartilaginous
lined by olfactory mucosa
the parts controlling smell are right at the top

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the paranasal sinus

linked to nasal cavity
lined by olfactory mucosa
sphenoidal sinus - drains into space above the superior sinus
body of the sphenoid bone below the pituitary gland
inferior, superior and middle concha - ridges
superior concha is the smallest
maximally sinus - opening either side of the nose, just above the upper teeth

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respiratory infections getting into the sinus

mainly the middle sinus
opening into nasal cavity is high
not good level to drain
if clogged up = no resonance of voice

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role of sinus

lighten the skull
protective for the brain 
effect resonant quality of the voice 
crumple zone 
double glazing - keep blood warm - a lot of blood circulates the veins

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concha

ridge of bone covered in epithelium
increase SA of nasal mucosa
important role of conditioning - keep the temperature at what it should be either by lowering/raising - counter current
control moisture
lungs don’t like dry/cold air - irritate the lung
cold day cant control = breath out moisture

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role of concha as turbulent

disrupt smooth air flow
direct air to nasal cavity
air go up 1st - so can smell

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3 sections of the pharynx

nasopharynx - back of nasal cavity to end of soft palate
oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to airway

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where does the pharynx go

top of nasal cavity to the larynx

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what is the larynx made of

number of cartilages joined together

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what bone is at the top of the larynx

hyoid bone

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cartilage in the larynx

thyroid cartilage (and superior/inferior horn of thyroid cartilage) and cricoid cartilage - joined by cricothyroid ligament 
thyroid cartilage is open at the back

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vocal ligaments in the larynx

vibrate and form a sound
sphincter - can close fully to stop stuff entering the airways
in inspiration they are open
in phonation (making a pitch and volume) close together

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where does vocalisation occur

in oral cavity

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other roles of sphincters in the body

raise interthoracic/abdominal pressure when sneeze, cough

childbirth

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trachea

20 horseshoe shapes of cartilage
below larynx
epithelium - same that is in the nasal cavity
trachealis muscle - close gap
oesophageal muscle - lie behind the trachealis muscle
food can indent trachealis muscle - but the food is not restricted
trachea remains open at all times without support

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features of the larynx

epiglottis 
hyoid bone 
superior horn of thyroid cartilage 
thyroid cartilage 
cricothyroid ligament 
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage 
cricoid cartilage 
superior thyroid notch 
thyrohyoid membrane 
arytenoid cartilage 
corniculate cartilage

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the tracheobronchial tree

begins at he angle of louis
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchi to lobes (superior, inferior (middle in R)
tertiary bronchi - to individual bronchopulmonary subunits, accompanied by equivalent arteries and veins

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which primary bronchi is shorter and more vertical

cartilage down the tracheobronchial tree

horshoe in trachea
decreased down bronchi
at bronchopulmonary segment no cartilage

effect of surfactant

reduces bronchiolar and alveolar surface tension

effect of no cartilage in bronchioles

when smooth muscle constricts they close = asthma attack

what is the highest level of the diaphragm

5th ICS

what part of the thorax fuses with the diaphragm

fibrous pericardium

location of the diapohragm

attach to costal margin | droop over liver, stomach, spleen

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

space where lungs expand into

explain the formation of the lung pleura

``` lung push into pleura pleura wraps around lung inside touches the lung outside touches the thoracic wall pleura goes to hilum ```

lung hilum and the pleura

where name changes from visceral to parietal

pleural cavity

space allows the movement of pleura over each other | allows lung to expand

costomediostinal recess

where lung expands in front of the mediastinum

marking of the visceral pleura and the lungs

visceral and lung markings are the same midline 6th Rib midaxillary 8R posterior 10R

markings of the parietal pleura

12 - posterior 10 8 - midclaviclar line

describe the medial view of the R lung

remnants of the lung being in situ - impression from azygous vein, SVC, oesophagus hilum with pul artery, vein, lymphatic structure and bronchi (bronchi look different depending on where yo cut) both vein and artery are low pressure - cant tell the, apart

describe the medial view of the L side of the heart

impression from aorta, common carotid, subclavian, heart

what are bronchopulmonary segments

distinct segment supplied by individual tertiary bronchus

what can you see on electron microscopy of lung tissue

alveoli next to pulmonary capillaries | capillary the size of 1RBC

what drives oxygen across the blood air barrier

pressure gradient PO2 air 100mmHg - blood 40mmHg when difference is 50% it doesn't drive across in the same way have to ventilate continually to get the same a mount of O2

where are the lymph nodes

at hilum and sides if the trachea

where do the lymph nodes drain into

venous system L side through the thoracic duct R side through the brachiocephalic trunk

problem with lymph nodes

can metastasise and are hard to remove

where is teh diaphragm

attached to the costal margin and lumbar margin centre of dome bulges up because of pressure difference in abdomen cavities and pleural cavities highest in expiration - at the nipple

what happens to abdomen when you breath in

it is pushed down by the diaphragm | interabdominal pressure is increased

parts of teh diaphragm and inspiration

muscular fringe tendon in the centre fringe pull down tendon in inspiration

relation of the phrenic nerves and the diaphragm

they go through the diaphragm and innervate the underside | therefore also innervate the peritoneum of the abdomen

what is the main anatomical feature in breathing

the diaphragm | ribs are trivial (increase interthoracic volume more than anything else)

intercostal muscles and breathing

external involved in inspiration run down and medially contract - pull the ribs upwards - the ribs move out as well because of the angle of the pump handle (ribs 1-6) ribs 7 - 10 move down - action like a bucket handle - expand lateral diameter

pharynx

common chamber for the resp and digestive tract allows breathing through the mouth soft palate, epiglottis and soft tissue in larynx stop food and water entering the resp system