Basic structure Flashcards
describe the path of the air
in through nasal cavity to pharynx (air and food same way) to larynx to trachea bifurcates at T4 primary bronchi lungs
features of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
nasal cavity is cartilaginous
lined by olfactory mucosa
the parts controlling smell are right at the top
the paranasal sinus
linked to nasal cavity
lined by olfactory mucosa
sphenoidal sinus - drains into space above the superior sinus
body of the sphenoid bone below the pituitary gland
inferior, superior and middle concha - ridges
superior concha is the smallest
maximally sinus - opening either side of the nose, just above the upper teeth
respiratory infections getting into the sinus
mainly the middle sinus
opening into nasal cavity is high
not good level to drain
if clogged up = no resonance of voice
role of sinus
lighten the skull protective for the brain effect resonant quality of the voice crumple zone double glazing - keep blood warm - a lot of blood circulates the veins
concha
ridge of bone covered in epithelium
increase SA of nasal mucosa
important role of conditioning - keep the temperature at what it should be either by lowering/raising - counter current
control moisture
lungs don’t like dry/cold air - irritate the lung
cold day cant control = breath out moisture
role of concha as turbulent
disrupt smooth air flow
direct air to nasal cavity
air go up 1st - so can smell
3 sections of the pharynx
nasopharynx - back of nasal cavity to end of soft palate
oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to airway
where does the pharynx go
top of nasal cavity to the larynx
what is the larynx made of
number of cartilages joined together
what bone is at the top of the larynx
hyoid bone
cartilage in the larynx
thyroid cartilage (and superior/inferior horn of thyroid cartilage) and cricoid cartilage - joined by cricothyroid ligament thyroid cartilage is open at the back
vocal ligaments in the larynx
vibrate and form a sound
sphincter - can close fully to stop stuff entering the airways
in inspiration they are open
in phonation (making a pitch and volume) close together
where does vocalisation occur
in oral cavity
other roles of sphincters in the body
raise interthoracic/abdominal pressure when sneeze, cough
childbirth
trachea
20 horseshoe shapes of cartilage
below larynx
epithelium - same that is in the nasal cavity
trachealis muscle - close gap
oesophageal muscle - lie behind the trachealis muscle
food can indent trachealis muscle - but the food is not restricted
trachea remains open at all times without support
features of the larynx
epiglottis hyoid bone superior horn of thyroid cartilage thyroid cartilage cricothyroid ligament inferior horn of thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage superior thyroid notch thyrohyoid membrane arytenoid cartilage corniculate cartilage
the tracheobronchial tree
begins at he angle of louis
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchi to lobes (superior, inferior (middle in R)
tertiary bronchi - to individual bronchopulmonary subunits, accompanied by equivalent arteries and veins
which primary bronchi is shorter and more vertical
R
cartilage down the tracheobronchial tree
horshoe in trachea
decreased down bronchi
at bronchopulmonary segment no cartilage
effect of surfactant
reduces bronchiolar and alveolar surface tension
effect of no cartilage in bronchioles
when smooth muscle constricts they close = asthma attack
what is the highest level of the diaphragm
5th ICS
what part of the thorax fuses with the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium
location of the diapohragm
attach to costal margin
droop over liver, stomach, spleen
what is the costodiaphragmatic recess
space where lungs expand into
explain the formation of the lung pleura
lung push into pleura pleura wraps around lung inside touches the lung outside touches the thoracic wall pleura goes to hilum
lung hilum and the pleura
where name changes from visceral to parietal
pleural cavity
space allows the movement of pleura over each other
allows lung to expand
costomediostinal recess
where lung expands in front of the mediastinum
marking of the visceral pleura and the lungs
visceral and lung markings are the same
midline 6th Rib
midaxillary 8R
posterior 10R
markings of the parietal pleura
12 - posterior 10 8 - midclaviclar line
describe the medial view of the R lung
remnants of the lung being in situ - impression from azygous vein, SVC, oesophagus
hilum with pul artery, vein, lymphatic structure and bronchi (bronchi look different depending on where yo cut)
both vein and artery are low pressure - cant tell the, apart
describe the medial view of the L side of the heart
impression from aorta, common carotid, subclavian, heart
what are bronchopulmonary segments
distinct segment supplied by individual tertiary bronchus
what can you see on electron microscopy of lung tissue
alveoli next to pulmonary capillaries
capillary the size of 1RBC
what drives oxygen across the blood air barrier
pressure gradient
PO2 air 100mmHg - blood 40mmHg
when difference is 50% it doesn’t drive across in the same way
have to ventilate continually to get the same a mount of O2
where are the lymph nodes
at hilum and sides if the trachea
where do the lymph nodes drain into
venous system
L side through the thoracic duct
R side through the brachiocephalic trunk
problem with lymph nodes
can metastasise and are hard to remove
where is teh diaphragm
attached to the costal margin and lumbar margin
centre of dome bulges up because of pressure difference in abdomen cavities and pleural cavities
highest in expiration - at the nipple
what happens to abdomen when you breath in
it is pushed down by the diaphragm
interabdominal pressure is increased
parts of teh diaphragm and inspiration
muscular fringe
tendon in the centre
fringe pull down tendon in inspiration
relation of the phrenic nerves and the diaphragm
they go through the diaphragm and innervate the underside
therefore also innervate the peritoneum of the abdomen
what is the main anatomical feature in breathing
the diaphragm
ribs are trivial (increase interthoracic volume more than anything else)
intercostal muscles and breathing
external involved in inspiration
run down and medially
contract - pull the ribs upwards - the ribs move out as well because of the angle of the pump handle (ribs 1-6)
ribs 7 - 10 move down - action like a bucket handle - expand lateral diameter
pharynx
common chamber for the resp and digestive tract
allows breathing through the mouth
soft palate, epiglottis and soft tissue in larynx stop food and water entering the resp system
