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Respiratory system > Basic structure > Flashcards

Basic structure Flashcards

1
Q

describe the path of the air

A 
in through nasal cavity 
to pharynx
(air and food same way) 
to larynx 
to trachea 
bifurcates at T4 
primary bronchi 
lungs
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2
Q

features of the nasal cavity

A

nasal septum
nasal cavity is cartilaginous
lined by olfactory mucosa
the parts controlling smell are right at the top

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3
Q

the paranasal sinus

A

linked to nasal cavity
lined by olfactory mucosa
sphenoidal sinus - drains into space above the superior sinus
body of the sphenoid bone below the pituitary gland
inferior, superior and middle concha - ridges
superior concha is the smallest
maximally sinus - opening either side of the nose, just above the upper teeth

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4
Q

respiratory infections getting into the sinus

A

mainly the middle sinus
opening into nasal cavity is high
not good level to drain
if clogged up = no resonance of voice

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5
Q

role of sinus

A 
lighten the skull
protective for the brain 
effect resonant quality of the voice 
crumple zone 
double glazing - keep blood warm - a lot of blood circulates the veins
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6
Q

concha

A

ridge of bone covered in epithelium
increase SA of nasal mucosa
important role of conditioning - keep the temperature at what it should be either by lowering/raising - counter current
control moisture
lungs don’t like dry/cold air - irritate the lung
cold day cant control = breath out moisture

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7
Q

role of concha as turbulent

A

disrupt smooth air flow
direct air to nasal cavity
air go up 1st - so can smell

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8
Q

3 sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx - back of nasal cavity to end of soft palate
oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to airway

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9
Q

where does the pharynx go

A

top of nasal cavity to the larynx

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10
Q

what is the larynx made of

A

number of cartilages joined together

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11
Q

what bone is at the top of the larynx

A

hyoid bone

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12
Q

cartilage in the larynx

A 
thyroid cartilage (and superior/inferior horn of thyroid cartilage) and cricoid cartilage - joined by cricothyroid ligament 
thyroid cartilage is open at the back
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13
Q

vocal ligaments in the larynx

A

vibrate and form a sound
sphincter - can close fully to stop stuff entering the airways
in inspiration they are open
in phonation (making a pitch and volume) close together

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14
Q

where does vocalisation occur

A

in oral cavity

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15
Q

other roles of sphincters in the body

A

raise interthoracic/abdominal pressure when sneeze, cough

childbirth

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16
Q

trachea

A

20 horseshoe shapes of cartilage
below larynx
epithelium - same that is in the nasal cavity
trachealis muscle - close gap
oesophageal muscle - lie behind the trachealis muscle
food can indent trachealis muscle - but the food is not restricted
trachea remains open at all times without support

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17
Q

features of the larynx

A 
epiglottis 
hyoid bone 
superior horn of thyroid cartilage 
thyroid cartilage 
cricothyroid ligament 
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage 
cricoid cartilage 
superior thyroid notch 
thyrohyoid membrane 
arytenoid cartilage 
corniculate cartilage
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18
Q

the tracheobronchial tree

A

begins at he angle of louis
trachea
primary bronchus
secondary bronchi to lobes (superior, inferior (middle in R)
tertiary bronchi - to individual bronchopulmonary subunits, accompanied by equivalent arteries and veins

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19
Q

which primary bronchi is shorter and more vertical

A

R

20
Q

cartilage down the tracheobronchial tree

A

horshoe in trachea
decreased down bronchi
at bronchopulmonary segment no cartilage

21
Q

effect of surfactant

A

reduces bronchiolar and alveolar surface tension

22
Q

effect of no cartilage in bronchioles

A

when smooth muscle constricts they close = asthma attack

23
Q

what is the highest level of the diaphragm

A

5th ICS

24
Q

what part of the thorax fuses with the diaphragm

A

fibrous pericardium

25
Q

location of the diapohragm

A

attach to costal margin

droop over liver, stomach, spleen

26
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

space where lungs expand into

27
Q

explain the formation of the lung pleura

A 
lung push into pleura 
pleura wraps around lung 
inside touches the lung 
outside touches the thoracic wall 
pleura goes to hilum
28
Q

lung hilum and the pleura

A

where name changes from visceral to parietal

29
Q

pleural cavity

A

space allows the movement of pleura over each other

allows lung to expand

30
Q

costomediostinal recess

A

where lung expands in front of the mediastinum

31
Q

marking of the visceral pleura and the lungs

A

visceral and lung markings are the same
midline 6th Rib
midaxillary 8R
posterior 10R

32
Q

markings of the parietal pleura

A

12 - posterior 10 8 - midclaviclar line

33
Q

describe the medial view of the R lung

A

remnants of the lung being in situ - impression from azygous vein, SVC, oesophagus
hilum with pul artery, vein, lymphatic structure and bronchi (bronchi look different depending on where yo cut)
both vein and artery are low pressure - cant tell the, apart

34
Q

describe the medial view of the L side of the heart

A

impression from aorta, common carotid, subclavian, heart

35
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments

A

distinct segment supplied by individual tertiary bronchus

36
Q

what can you see on electron microscopy of lung tissue

A

alveoli next to pulmonary capillaries

capillary the size of 1RBC

37
Q

what drives oxygen across the blood air barrier

A

pressure gradient
PO2 air 100mmHg - blood 40mmHg
when difference is 50% it doesn’t drive across in the same way
have to ventilate continually to get the same a mount of O2

38
Q

where are the lymph nodes

A

at hilum and sides if the trachea

39
Q

where do the lymph nodes drain into

A

venous system
L side through the thoracic duct
R side through the brachiocephalic trunk

40
Q

problem with lymph nodes

A

can metastasise and are hard to remove

41
Q

where is teh diaphragm

A

attached to the costal margin and lumbar margin
centre of dome bulges up because of pressure difference in abdomen cavities and pleural cavities
highest in expiration - at the nipple

42
Q

what happens to abdomen when you breath in

A

it is pushed down by the diaphragm

interabdominal pressure is increased

43
Q

parts of teh diaphragm and inspiration

A

muscular fringe
tendon in the centre
fringe pull down tendon in inspiration

44
Q

relation of the phrenic nerves and the diaphragm

A

they go through the diaphragm and innervate the underside

therefore also innervate the peritoneum of the abdomen

45
Q

what is the main anatomical feature in breathing

A

the diaphragm

ribs are trivial (increase interthoracic volume more than anything else)

46
Q

intercostal muscles and breathing

A

external involved in inspiration
run down and medially
contract - pull the ribs upwards - the ribs move out as well because of the angle of the pump handle (ribs 1-6)
ribs 7 - 10 move down - action like a bucket handle - expand lateral diameter

47
Q

pharynx

A

common chamber for the resp and digestive tract
allows breathing through the mouth
soft palate, epiglottis and soft tissue in larynx stop food and water entering the resp system

Respiratory system (23 decks)

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