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Ravi Board/OITE Prep > Basic Science OITE HY > Flashcards

Basic Science OITE HY Flashcards

1
Q

Tensile Strength Ranking

A

max stress to failure is tensile strength
Co-C > Ti >Steel>Cortical Bone

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2
Q

RSD of the knee

A

usually see patellar osteopenia, but most diagnostic test is relief from sympathetic block

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3
Q

haversion canals

A

are in the center of an osteon in compact bone - contain vessels and nerves

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4
Q

mannerfelt syndrome

A

rupture of FPL in Carpal Tunnel

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5
Q

typ 1 vit D dependent labs

A

auto recessive - low Ca, low Phos, high ALP, high PTH, LOW 1,25 Vit D

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6
Q

verification bias

A

if diagnostic test resuls impact wheather patientss are assigned treatment group

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7
Q

what cell expresses RANK receptor

A

osteoclasts -

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8
Q

most common site of frx in growth plate

A

prov calcification (part of zone of hypertrophy)

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9
Q

BMP 3

A

antagonizes BMP 2, and is most common in DBX, increases the level of chondrogenic markers like Type 2 collagen and aggrecan

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10
Q

MIS plating is better for which blood flow

A

both periosteeal and intramedullary

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11
Q

typ2 vit D pathology

A

BADintracellular receptor for 1,25 vit D - tx with HIGH DOSE vit D and Ca; also has alpoecia and does NOT repsond to calcitriol

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12
Q

SACH heel

A

solid fused ankle with wood heel and cushion around it

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13
Q

what is responsible for TENSILE strength of bone

A

type 1 collagen

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14
Q

locked plates and strain

A

less than conventional plating

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15
Q

what secretes OPG

A

osteoBLASTS

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16
Q

type 1 error

A

findingin an association that does NOT exist

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17
Q

lovenox is

A

factor 2A and Xa inhibitor

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18
Q

what is anakinra

A

IL-1a antagonist for RhA (2nd line) -

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19
Q

most common cause of midstem failure in modular hips

A

FRETTING corrosion - also seen at head nekc junction

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20
Q

what cell expresses RANK-L

A

OsteoBLASTS

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21
Q

Myxoid liposarc gene and translocation

A

t12:16; TLS CHOP

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22
Q

Rheumatoid immunology

A

Rh Factor is an IgM that attacks Fc part of IgG

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23
Q

ideal vs total body weight for pain meds

A

use IDEAL weight for lipophillic pain meds

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24
Q

fretting corrosion

A

resulting from contact sites b/w metals under load

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25
Q

effect of adding amino acids in rats w/ femur fracture

A

incr - serum albumin, body mass, quad total protein and frx callus mineralization; DECREASED effect of IGF 1,2 myosin, actin, VEGF mRNA were all decreased - key pt add 20%protein diet

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26
Q

OA changes

A

INCREASED: water, chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycan synthesis/degradation; DECREASED collagen content, proteoglycan content, keratin sulfate, modulus of elasticity

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27
Q

factor 5 function

A

normally is used to help Xa activate thrombin - which creates fibrin from fibrinogen - leading to CLOT; in Factor 5 Leidin - its not turned off by protein C so lots of thrombin gets made - lots of clots

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28
Q

long bone blood supply

A

inner 2/3 - Endosteeal; outer 1/3 - periosteeal

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29
Q

Ribosome antibiotic at 50subunit

A

chloramphenical, erythromycin (macrolides), clindamycin, and linezolid

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30
Q

mxn of axion heparin

A

blocks conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

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31
Q

Stats: Effect Size definition

A

magnitude of the difference in the means of the control and experimental groups in a study with respect to the pooled standard deviation. Effect sizes are normally used for continuous variables in contrast to relative risk reduction which is used for dichotomous variables.

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32
Q

Vit D regulates itself via

A

decreasing PTH release and 1-OH enzyme production

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33
Q

cement lines mark

A

the boundary of osteons

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34
Q

type 1 vit D pathology

A

cant convert to active 1,25 vit D (gene 12q14) - tx ith physiologic dose (1-2mcg) of vit D; responds to calcitriol and has NO alopecia

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35
Q

youngs modulus high to low

A

Ceramic > Alloy > Stainless Steel > Ti > Cortical Bone > Matrix Polymers > PMMA > Polyethylene > Cancellous Bone > Tedon/Lig >Cartialge

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36
Q

osteopetrosis

A

defect in CLCN 7 gene - abnormal osteoclasts

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37
Q

CRPS I vs II

A

II has a nerve lesion

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38
Q

Nutritional Rickets(Low D)

A

Low Ca, Phos, Vit D
High ALP,PTH

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39
Q

which factors assis osteoClast attachement to bone

A

vitronectin and integrin av

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40
Q

serum values in Vit D resistent Rickets (hypophosphatemic)

A

normal Ca, PTH and Vit D
LOW Phos, HIGH ALP

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41
Q

hookes law

A

stress is proportional to the strain in ELASTIC ZONE ONLY

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42
Q

cell cycle pahses

A

Initial growth (G1) > DNA synthesis (s) $n at the end > Gap 2 (G2) also 4N –> then M phase

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43
Q

mech of axn Rituximab

A

targets CD 20 - found on B-cells;

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44
Q

chi -sq vs fisher exact

A

chi-sq is for comparing proportions; Fishcer is for < 5 events in each group or sum < 50

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45
Q

high turnover renal osteodystrophy

A

leads to persistent elevated PTh even after renal disease is fixed

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46
Q

lab values in hypophos rickets (Xlinked)

A

low phos, high ALP and high PTH - caused by inability for kidneys to re-absorb phosphate back into body

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47
Q

what has greatest effect on ex-fix stiffnss

A

PIN DIAMETER

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48
Q

growth plate nutrient supply

A

perichondral Aa, and secondary via epiphyseal aa

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49
Q

recall bias

A

how pts remember things based on adverse experience

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50
Q

cannaliculi

A

are a system of canals within the lacunar system whereby osteocytes communicate with each other

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51
Q

Osteocalcin

A

most abudant NON_collangen protein in bone; promotes minneralizatin

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52
Q

Rhabdomyosarc gene, translocation

A

t2:13; Pax3-FKHR

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53
Q

sclerostin and Wnt

A

inhibits Wnt pathway which is normally used to promote osteoblasts

54
Q

strain

A

change in length/original length

55
Q

lab values in NUTRITIONAL rickets

A

NORMAL PTH, low phos, high alp, low/normal Ca

56
Q

what is delayed type Hypersensitivity (type 4)

A

cell mediated - NOT ANTIBODIES

57
Q

Chondrosarc gene and translocation

A

t9:22; fusion protein EWS-CHN

58
Q

type 1 vit D

A

auto recessive

59
Q

cancer markers Ovarian, Pancreatic, Breast, and Colorectal

A

CA-125 (ovarian); CA19-9 (pancreatic); CA15-3 (Breast); CEA - Colorectal

60
Q

how heparin works

A

Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a potent inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. It is a nonvitamin K-dependent protease that inhibits coagulation by lysing thrombin and factor Xa. Antithrombin III activity is markedly potentiated by heparin, resulting in anticoagulation

61
Q

OsteoNECTIN role

A

regulated Ca and mineral in matrix

62
Q

toughness definition

A

amount of energy per volume a material can absorb before failure (fracture) - area under stress/strain cover - joules/m^3

63
Q

Volkman Cannals are

A

within osteons and connect haversian canals to each other

64
Q

groove of ranvier does

A

supplies chondrocytes at periphery for APPOSITIONAL growth

65
Q

who to avoid giving Forteo

A

pagets, high ALP, open physis, or previous rad tx to axial skeleton

66
Q

infliximab is

A

TNF alpha inhibitor

67
Q

protamine is the antidote to what med

A

lovenox (LMWH)

68
Q

components of cobalt-chrome

A

Chromium allows for corrosion resistance, and increases hardness
strength is increased by adding molybdenum

69
Q

creep definition

A

constant load - deformation over time

70
Q

plyometric contraction

A

when muscle rapidly lengthens just prior to contracting (repetitive box jumping)

71
Q

crevice corrosion

A

resulting from different O2 tension

72
Q

mech of axn-quinolones

A

inhibit DNA gyrase

73
Q

pitting corrosion

A

resulting from localized pits on med surface

74
Q

Ribosome Antibiotics at 30 subunit

A

Aminoglycoside and tetracyclin

75
Q

bending rigidity of solid cylinder

A

radius to the 4th

76
Q

ligament to bone insertion order

A

lig ->fibrocartilag -> mineralized fc-> bone

77
Q

why does doxy help RhA pts

A

inhibits the collagenase which breaks down tissue in RhA

78
Q

how to ginkgo and ginseng affect blood

A

inhibit platelet function

79
Q

mazabraud syndrome

A

Poly-ostotic fibrsous dysplasia w. intramuscular myxoma a/w GNAS1 gene

80
Q

formula for postiive LR

A

[TP/(TP+FN)]/FP Rate

81
Q

effect of bisphos on OsteoP

A

65% reduction in new vt frx at 1 y, 40% at 3y, overal 39% drop in risk of NON_vt frx

82
Q

steel vs co-chrome

A

steel is MORE susceptible to galvanic and crevice corrosion

83
Q

biggest advatange of bicortical locking

A

greater torsional strenght

84
Q

CaPhos vs CaSO4

A

Sulfate absorbs faster and is similary to cancellous bone; phos is x4 stronger takes 1 year to resorb

85
Q

how does Forteo work

A

reproduces PTH effect by activating adenyl cyclase

86
Q

Define Hypophosphatasia

A

low ALP due to error in production of tissue non-specific isoenxyme of ALP 9TNSALP) - high urine phosphoethanolamine is DIAGNOSTIC

87
Q

aging cartilage

A

increases in Keratin Sulfate, modulus of elasticity, chondrocycte size, decreased water, proteoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, chondrocyte number

88
Q

how does methotrexate work

A

blocks DHFR - dihydrofolate reductase

89
Q

fxn of cathepsin K

A

secreted by osteoclasts at ruffled border for bone resorption

90
Q

Stress defiinition

A

force over area

91
Q

detection bias

A

when you look more carefully at one group than another

92
Q

Ca requirements by age

A

1-3y: 500mg/d
4-8y: 800mg/d
9-18y: 1000-1500mg/d
>50y - 1200 to 1500mg/d
lactating women - 2000mg/d

93
Q

type 2 vit D rickets labs

A

auto reccesive; low ca, low phos, high ALP, high PTH, HIGH 1,25 vit D

94
Q

stat power def

A

1 - false negative

95
Q

capacative coupling

A

using AC current to open Calmodulin channels and upregulate healing factors

96
Q

xarelto (rivaroxaban) blocks

A

factor Xa directly

97
Q

Clear cell sarc gene and translocation

A

t12:22; Fusion EWS-ATF1

98
Q

UMN signs

A

mild weakness, spasticity, abnormally fast reflexes

99
Q

incorporation bias

A

when someone stidies a diagnostic test that includes features of the target outcome

100
Q

Bisphosphonate types

A

Non-Nitrogen containing - work via ATP analogue
Nitrogen Containin use farnesyl tranferase (stronger)

101
Q

gene in FOP (fibrodysplasia ossificas progressivea)

A

stone man syndrome - BMP 4 is upreg - lots of HO forms

102
Q

renal disease rickets labs

A

high phos, low ca, high ALP, high PTH

103
Q

Nitrogen containing bisphhos mech of axn

A

(alendronate/Fosamax, pamidronate/Aredia, risedronate/Actonel) prevent protein prenylation by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase

104
Q

what is thromboplastic

A

aka Tissue Factor TF - extrinsic coag pathway - activates factors 7 –> 10 –> prothrombin to thrombin = clot.

105
Q

osteogenic BMP

A

2,4,6,7,9

106
Q

SOX-9 role

A

chondrocyte differentiation pathway

107
Q

LMN signs

A

progressive weakness, wasting, loss of reflexes and tone

108
Q

LMWH mechanism of action

A

blocks factor Xa

109
Q

when to use Wilcox Rank Sum

A

comparing two means from samples that are NOT normally distributed or small size

110
Q

def of specificity

A

probability of negative test in pts who do NOT have the disease, TN/(FP+TN)

111
Q

how does TXA work

A

compettiively binds to lysine residue to prevent activation of plasminogen

112
Q

m-c complication of interscalene block

A

sensory neuropathy for 6 monts; followed by CRPS

113
Q

rifampin works by

A

lipophilic and crosses cell membrane - works on RNA polymeraase

114
Q

Gene and translocation in Ewings

A

t11:22; EWS-FL1 fusio protein

115
Q

scurvy affects

A

collagen formation - seen in primary spongiosa of metaphysis

116
Q

sensitivity defiinition

A

probability the test is positive IN PATIENTS WITH THE DISEASE
TP / (TP+FN)

117
Q

Olliers Diseasee

A

multiple enchondromas due to Indian hedgehod malfxn in PTH pathway

118
Q

bisphos in spine surg

A

decreased fusion rate

119
Q

what Is responsible for compressive strenght of bone

A

proteoglycans and hydroxyappateitite are responsible for compressive strength of bone

120
Q

osteopontin

A

cell binding protein

121
Q

osteoCLAST precursor cell

A

monocyte origin from hematopoeitic cells

122
Q

Synovial sarcoma gene and translocation

A

X:18; SYT-SSX1,2 o4 fusion protein

123
Q

coumadin

A

prevents formation of factors 2, 7,9,10

124
Q

orientation of chondrocyte and collagenin superficial zone of cartilage

A

flat cells parrallell to tidemark, fibers also parallel

125
Q

PTH pathway

A

PTH responds to hypoCa and HyperMag - influences Kidneys to make more vit D, and gut to absorb more Ca, and bone to release more Ca and Phos

126
Q

COX 2 roles

A

prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2; helps mesenchymal cells turn to OsteoBLASTS

127
Q

working distance most affects

A

axial stiffness and torsional rigidity

128
Q

what area do gigantism and achondroplasia affect

A

PROLIFerative zone

129
Q

type 2 or beta error

A

falsely concludes no association when there infact IS one - false negative

130
Q

rituximab is

A

cd20 blocker

131
Q

benefits of giving EPO

A

lower transfusion rate, no difference in bleeding times wound complciations, or bone healing

132
Q

hyper PTH labs

A

high pth, low phos, high alp, HIGH Ca

Ravi Board/OITE Prep (9 decks)

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