Basic science Flashcards
eGFR equation
GFR = ( urine concentration (mmol/l) x urine volume (ml/min) ) / plasma concentration (mmol/l)
MA of RCTs level of evidence
Ia
RCT level of evidence
1b
Control trial, not randomised level of evidence
2a
2b level of evidence
evidence from at least one well designed experimental trial
3 level of evidence
evidence from case, correlation and comparative studies
4 level of evidence
evidence from a panel of experts
what regulates cell cycle
proteins called cyclins which in turn control cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes.
phases of cell cycle
G0,G1,S,G2,M
G0
‘resting’ phase
quiescent cells such as hepatocytes and more permanently resting cells such as neurons
G1
Gap 1, cells increase in size
determines length of cell cycle
under influence of p53
regulatory proteins G1
Cyclin D / CDK4, Cyclin D / CDK6 and Cyclin E / CDK2: regulates transition from G1 to S phase
S
Synthesis of DNA, RNA and histone
centrosome duplication
regulatory proteins S
Cyclin A / CDK2: active in S phase
G2
Gap 2, cells continue to increase in size
regulatory preoteins G2
Cyclin B / CDK1: regulates transition from G2 to M phase
M
Mitosis - cell division
the shortest phase of the cell cycle
negative predictive value equation
TN / (TN + FN)
sensitivity equation
TP / (TP + FN )
specificity equation
TN / (TN + FP)
PPV equation
TP / (TP + FP)
likelihood ratio for a positive result
sensitivity / (1 - specificity)
How much the odds of the disease increase when a test is positive
likelihood ratio negative test
(1 - sensitivity) / specificity
How much the odds of the disease decrease when a test is negative
most common congenital infection in the UK
CMV