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Ortho Boards > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Changes associated with aging cartilage

A 
Less chondrocytes, large chondrocytes
less water
less proteoglycan
less chondroitin sulphate
more keratin sulphate
increased elasticity
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2
Q

Changes associated with OA in cartilage

A 
Increased water
increased collagen, becomes disorganzied
increased proteoglycan turnover, decreased amount
decreased elasticity
increased lytic enzymes
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3
Q

Types of lubrication: elastohydrodynamic

A

deformation of cartilage with thin lining

principle mode of lubrication

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4
Q

types of lubrication: Boundry

A

nondeformable surface with only partial separation

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5
Q

types of lubrication: Boosted

A

lubrication pools

higher coefficient of friction

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6
Q

hydrodynamic lubrication

A

fluid separation

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7
Q

Weeping

A

fluids shifts toward load baring surfaces

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8
Q

Collagen 1

A 
bone
skin
tendon
anulus
meniscus
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9
Q

Collagen 2

A

articular cartilage

nucleus pulposus

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10
Q

Collagen 3

A

Skin

Blood vessels

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11
Q

Collagen 4

A

Basement memebrane

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12
Q

What is titanium biologically inert

A

forms a stable oxide coating

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13
Q

Protein responsible for chemo resistance

A

P-gylcoprotein

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14
Q

Bacterostastic agent used in ortho

A

clindamycin

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15
Q

How to determine the number of aneuploid cell in a malignant tumor

A

flow cytometry

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16
Q

Number one contributor to backside volumetric wear

A

motion

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17
Q

Function of carbonic anhydrase

A

resorb bone at the ruffled border

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18
Q

structure of proteoglycans

A

multiple glycosaminoglycans bound to core protein, bound to hyaluronate via link protein

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19
Q

Greatest proportion of mechanoreceptors in the meniscus

A

posterior horn

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20
Q

Affect of scurvey on bone

A 
decreased chondroitin sulphate
loss of type I collagen
deficient metaphysis
wide growth plate junction (white line of frankyl)
weak metaphyseal bone with spurs
ringed epiphysies
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21
Q

anisotropic material

A

different strain when loading different directions

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22
Q

cephalosporin action

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

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23
Q

Quinolone action

A

inhibit DNA gyrase

cipro

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24
Q

Aminoglycan action

A

inhibit protein synthesis

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25
Q

Rifampin action

A

inhibits RNA synthesis

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26
Q

viscoelastic material

A

different rates of loading

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27
Q

strength of early physis growth

A

node of ranvier

28
Q

greatest tensile strength applied with bending force

A

periosteal membrane

29
Q

Function of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates

A

bind to HA to prevent protein prenylation

aldendronate, risendronate

30
Q

Function of non-nitrogen containing bisphophonates

A

replace the terminal phosphate of ATP leading to apoptosis of the osteoclast

31
Q

Most important hormone for peak bone mass

A

estrogen

32
Q

Elastic properties of ligaments

A

toe region - high deformation, low force
Linear region - slippage of the collagen can occur
Failure region

33
Q

PTH signalling molecule

A

adenylate cyclase

34
Q

apportionment

A

degree of disability that several injuries will cause

35
Q

Which layer of the hypertrophic zone is most suseptible to injury

A

zone of provisional calcification

36
Q

most common reason for liability

A

OA

37
Q

which chemical is used to activate PRP prior to centrifugation

A

calcium chloride

38
Q

yeild strength

A

when a substance undergoes plastic deformation

39
Q

sclerotome of the somites forms

A

axial skeleton

40
Q

SOX-9 is the master switch of what lineage

A

chondrocytes

41
Q

Rituximab targets which interluekin

A

CD20

42
Q

which molecule released during surgery promotes DVT

A

thromboplastin

43
Q

RF targets

A

IgG

44
Q

virchows triad

A

endothelial injury
venous stasis
hypercoagulability

45
Q

what gives cartilage it’s strength

A

high water content
incompressability of water
structural organization of proteoglycan and water

46
Q

proteoglycan with hydrophilic behaviour

A

aggrecan

47
Q

superficial cartilage

A

parallel collagen
sparse proteoglycans
cartliage cell precursors

48
Q

intermediate cartilage

A

random collagen

abundant proteoglycans

49
Q

deep cartilage

A

perpedicular collagen

most amount of proteoglycans

50
Q

initiator of PMMA

A

Benzoyl peroxide

51
Q

Bisophosphonate reduction of vertebral fracture

A

60% in one year

40% in the next 3 years

52
Q

cbaf1/runx2

A

osteoblast differentiation

53
Q

component of bone most responsible for compressive strength

A

proteoglycans

54
Q

component of bone most responsible for tensile strength

A

collagen

55
Q

Ca and Vit D recommendations

A 
Age 1-3yrs - 500mg/d
Age 4-8yrs - 800mg/d
Age 9-18yrs - 1000 to 1500mg/d  
Age >50 yrs- 1200 to 1500 mg/d calcium 
800-1,000 IUs Vit. D
56
Q

finite element analysis

A

breaking up a complex geometric form to understand it better

57
Q

mechanisms of anticoagulants

A 
warfarin - vit K, needed for gamma-carboxylation
Heparin - antithrombin
Fondaparineu - indirect Xa
rivaroxiban - direct Xa
dabigatron - direct thrombin
58
Q

Function of transexamic acid

A

inhibit bleeding

activates plasminogen with competative binding to lysine site

59
Q

effect size

A

magnitude of difference between control and experiement group

60
Q

t2, 13

A

rhabomyosarcoma

61
Q

X, 18

A

synovial sarcoma

62
Q

11, 22

A

ewings

63
Q

12, 16

A

mxyoid liposarcoma

64
Q

9, 22

A

chondrosarcoma

65
Q

epigenetics

A

changes in heritable characteristics that do not invovle DNA mutation

66
Q

transgenes

A

artifically introduced

67
Q

how do osteocytes communicate

A

canniculi

Ortho Boards (9 decks)

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