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I & E > Basic science > Flashcards

Basic science Flashcards

1
Q

Normal aging

A
  • Decline and deterioration of functional properties at cellular, tissue and organ level
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2
Q

Successful aging

A
  • Physical, mental and social aging in old age
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3
Q

Biological aging

A
  • Using biological principles to explain the process that occur as the body ages
  • Apoptosis/ DNA repair
  • Dysregulation of cellular pathology
  • Senescence
  • Increased inflammatory markers
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4
Q

Aging

A
  • Progressive decline in cellular mechanisms of homeostasis

- Decreased ability to adapt to stimuli, disease and mortality

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5
Q

Disease

A
  • Disorder of structure or function

- Produces signs and symptoms

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6
Q

Age associated disease

A
  • Increasing disease frequency with increase senescence
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7
Q

Frailty

A

Genetic syndrome

  • Weakness, wt loss, low activity
  • 5 criteria:
  • Exhaustion, slowed speed, weakness, wt loss, low phys activity
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8
Q

Biology of frailty

A
  • Apoptosis dysregulation
  • Pro-inflammatory states, senescence
  • Tissue repair deficits
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9
Q

Senescence- definition

A
  • Irreversible arrest in cellular proliferation
  • Normal cellular response to cancer like events
  • Telomere shortening
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10
Q

Senescence- Influence on aging

A
  • Accumulate with old age, present at sites of pathology

- Contribute to pro-inflammatory state

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11
Q

Apoptosis- Definitions

A
  • Orderly process of programmed cell death

- ATP dependent process

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12
Q

Apoptosis- Infuence

A
  • Failure leads to rogue cell proliferation
  • Decrease in ATP leads to necrotic cell death over apoptosis
  • Increase in inflammation and frailty
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13
Q

Inflammation- Def

A
  • Sentinel response to stressors

- Heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of function

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14
Q

Inflammation- Influence in aging

A
  • Deregulated in frailty
  • Affect growth hormone axis- fatigue, malaise, sleep, disinterest
  • Facilitates disease progression
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15
Q

Epi/genetic aging theory

A
  • Chemical reactions that direct transcription, gene expression
  • Methylation increases with age, hypermethylation leads to transcription silencing
  • Increased senescence
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16
Q

Somatic mutation

A
  • No selective pressure on older, post-reproductive age
  • Decline in force of natural selection with age
  • Detrimental effects of late acting genes lead to aging
17
Q

Error- catastrophe theory/ protein error

A
  • RNA is damaged during aging
  • Leads to protein destabilization, loss of molecular function
  • Protein loss leads to biologic changes associated with aging
18
Q

Free radical

A
  • Free radical exposure increases through lifespan
  • Mechanisms to handle free radicals decrease through lifetime
  • by metabolic rate
19
Q

Replicative senescence/ telomere senescence

A
  • Gradual loss of telomere activity
  • Cells enter senescence
  • Pro-inflammitory cytokines increase
20
Q

Mitochondrial damage

A
  • Change in mtDNA has adverse effect on mitochondria

- Less energy, more free radicals, accumulation of harmful molecules

21
Q

Wear and tear/ rate of living

A
  • Finite amount of vital substance
  • Death = using all that substance
  • Rate of metabolism?
22
Q

Immunologic

A
  • Declining immune fxn disrupts homeostasis

- loss of thymus, T-lymph, ability to produce abs

23
Q

Natural selection

A
  • Aging is adaptive to allow survival of young, at detriment of post-reproductive people
  • Detrimental late-acting genes build up over time
24
Q

GI organ changes

A
  • Increased dysphagia, less HCl
  • Increased transit time, diverticula constipation
  • Decreased vit B12, iron, Ca absorption
25
Q

CV organ changes

A
  • Increased fatty deposits, increased myocardial hypertrophy

- Heart more stress, less quick to respond

26
Q

Urologic organ changes

A
  • Decreased kidney size & fxn, GFR

- Cant resorb glucose, concentrate urine- dehydration

27
Q

Musc organ changes

A
  • Decreased contractility, smaller fibers, fewer type II fast twitch, strength
  • Decreased bone density, stiffer joints, degeneration
28
Q

Cognitive organ changes

A
  • Fewer neurons, speed of processing
  • Atrophy of cortices, lobes and structures
  • Slower at tasks, rxn times
29
Q

Resp organ changes

A
  • Decreased elastic activity, vital capacity
  • Increased residual volume
  • ## Begins to decline after 35 yrs
30
Q

Integumentary

A
  • Skin thins, loss of elasticity
  • Wrinkling, dryness
  • Envt exposure increases aging
  • Loss of fat later
31
Q

Endocrine/ reproductive

A
  • Decreased testosterone and estrogen = increase fat, decrease muscle
  • Increased dryness, pH
  • Hypertrophy of prostate

I & E (11 decks)

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